Jump to content

Crips–Bloods gang war

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Bloods and Crips" redirects here. Not to be confused with Bloods & Crips.
Crips–Bloods gang war
Date1972–present
Location
United States • Canada • Belize • The Netherlands[19] • Australia[20] • New Zealand[21] • England[22]
Belligerents

Crips

Support:
Folk Nation[2][3]
Crack Down Posse [4]

Bloods

Support:
People Nation[17]
Very Crispy Gangsters
Maniac Latin Disciples[18]
Blood Family Mafia
Commanders and leaders

Raymond Washington X
Stanley Williams Executed

Dalmin Mayen[23][24]

Sylvester Scott †[25][26]
Vincent Benson Owens[27][28][29]

Omar Portee

The Crips and the Bloods, two majority-Black street gangs founded in Los Angeles (L.A.), California, have been engaged in a gang war since the 1970s.[30][31] The war is made up of smaller, local conflicts between chapters of both gangs, and has mostly taken place in major cities in the United States, especially L.A. It is also present in other countries.

The war started when a lack of economic opportunities in South Central L.A. led to the formation of gangs like the Crips, who claimed city territory and guarded it from other gangs. The Bloods were formed in response to widespread shootings by the Crips. Both groups started extorting money from local businesses in the 70s, and distributing crack cocaine in the early 1980s. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) fought heavily against the gangs; in 1987, they started an intense anti-gang operation, Operation Hammer. The operation was controversial, as it led to mass incarceration which did not greatly reduce gang violence, and included the vandalism of people's homes; in response, the various gangs gained a sense of solidarity and began discussing a truce.

A peace agreement was signed in 1992 in Los Angeles between two rivaling Crip chapters and the Bloods. The resulting truce lasted in the city for around 10 years; the violence came back, as there was still a lack of economic opportunities. Crime was brought down again due to new policies enacted by the city of Los Angeles starting in 2006. Despite this, the war continued in the city and elsewhere, including a major conflict in Hempstead, New York, in 2012, which led to 56 people being shot by the end of the year. An estimated 20,000 people had died from the broader war by 2014.

Starting in the 1980s, the two gangs often identified themselves using clothing colored blue for Crips and red for Bloods; those wearing their gang's colors in the other gang's territory were often targets of violence. This trend was in decline by 2014.

Background

[edit]
A residential street of Watts, Los Angeles

In the 1960s and '70s, few job opportunities for young Black men in South Central L.A.—especially the neighborhood of Watts—led to the formation of gangs who claimed territories in the city, guarding them from other gangs.[32] Street gangs were also a remaining way for them to respond to "White violence and intimidation" in the city after political action groups espousing black power, like the Black Panther Party, were targeted by the government through COINTELPRO and other methods.[33]

The Crips' origins are debated, but they might have been formed by Raymond Washington and Stanley "Tookie" Williams in 1971 as a form of protection from other gangs. However it started, Williams did become the Crips' leader. He "ruled by terror", bringing "impressionable youths" into the group and causing shootings across the city; in turn, multiple groups formed in response to the Crips, including the Bloods.[34][35] The Bloods' original faction, the Piru Street Boys or just the "Pirus", was formed by student Sylvester Scott, after he and fellow student Benson Owens were attacked by Washington and other Crips. Owens eventually formed the West Piru faction of Bloods.[36]

History

[edit]

1970s

[edit]

The Crips and Bloods went to war with each other to defend their territory. They fought each other with cheap "Saturday night special" handguns, switchblades, Molotov cocktails, as well as through hand-to-hand combat. They also participated in theft, facilitated by the establishment of protection rackets to extort money from local businesses.[32] In 1979, Washington died in a gang-related shooting, and Williams committed four murders which would bring him a death sentence in 1981, carried out in 2005.[34][36]

In the 1970s, law enforcement agencies heavily patrolled the South Central area, after civilians had been participating in "collective violence" against local government in the 1960s and 70s. In 1972, Los Angeles County created a "Street Gang Detail" LAPD unit to combat violent groups. Gang enforcement in turn led to greater membership and numbers of gangs in Watts, Compton, and Inglewood.[32] In 1977, the police unit CRASH started, which targeted gangs mainly in the Watts housing projects of Imperial Courts, Nickerson Gardens, and Jordan Downs.[37][nb 1]

1980s

[edit]

In the early 1980s, drug trafficker Freeway Rick Ross introduced crack cocaine to South Los Angeles Bloods and Crips gangs, and both gangs became distributors. Watts housing projects became "open-air drug markets".[37] By the mid-1980s, the gangs had more advanced weapons, including submachine guns like MAC-10s and Uzis. The amount of weaponry available increased the number of deaths in drive-by shootings, which resulted in the deaths of many civilians and led to a greater police response. The Reagan administration supported the removal of many Americans from welfare rolls, food stamps, and school lunch programs, which worsened the conflict. California greatly increased its spending on policing and incarceration in the late 80s. Despite a fourth of Los Angeles gang members being arrested by 1992, gang controls measures were considered to have failed.[32]

Examples of gang identification
"Blood Killer" graffiti made by a Crip, using the Crips' color blue
A red bandana, often used by Piru Bloods to identify themselves

By this time, the two gangs often identified themselves using clothing colored blue for Crips and red for Bloods; those wearing their gang's colors in the other gang's territory were often targets of violence.[37] Non-gang members who mistakenly wore the colors were thus also targeted.[40] In 2014, Business Insider wrote that gang colors and tattoos had stopped being used, so members could avoid scrutiny from law enforcement, witnesses to their crimes, or potential employers. Instead, the colors started being worn only at gang meetups, and gang identification was done online instead.[41]

In the 1980s, many African-descending gang members from Belize living in California (who were immigrants to the U.S. after a 1961 hurricane in Belize) were deported back to their original country. This Crips–Bloods war was brought back to Belize City. The war in the city grew after the release of the 1988 film Colors, whose plot involves the two gangs in Los Angeles. By 2012, there were 20 to 25 different gangs in the city with some affiliation to either the Crips or Bloods.[42] The war has continued due to conflicts in drug distribution; cocaine left in the ocean by drug cartels has washed up on the shores of Belize for years.[43]

In the summer of 1987, as a response to the crack epidemic, LAPD officers started Operation Hammer in Los Angeles, which had a goal of "[making] life miserable" for gang members by arresting them for misdemeanors like traffic citations. Large numbers of arrests were made daily. They also performed raids which vandalized local homes; this and similar "gang-like" behavior lead to mass violence and arson.[32][37] The reaction to the violence among some was a sense of "solidarity" that led to discussions (starting in summer 1988) of a ceasefire in the gang war amongst the members of the Bounty Hunter Bloods, Grape Street Crips, Hacienda Village Pirus, and the PJ Watts Crips.[32]

In the years leading to the 1992 truce, despite talks of peace negotiations, gang-related crime was at a peak in Los Angeles. Skipp Townsend, a Rollin' 20 Blood from the West Adams neighborhood, said of the time: "I mean, I couldn't even pump gas. I couldn't go to the grocery store. I couldn't do anything without interacting with someone who would want to hurt me, or I'd have to hurt them.”[44] In 1990, the L.A. County Sheriff's Department (LASD) identified 22,594 Crips and 8,251 Bloods in their jurisdiction. By this time, both gangs started fighting for territory from the growing, majority-Hispanic 18th Street gang, which the LASD found to have 6,000 members.[45]

1990s

[edit]

1992 Los Angeles truce and riots

[edit]
Further information: 1992 Los Angeles riots and Watts truce
The Imperial Courts housing project

In the early 1990s, the Amer-I-Can program (led by former NFL player Jim Brown) had been holding discreet meetings on "the principles of responsibility and self-determination". Many of the men in these meetings went on to organize a truce that happened between the Grape Street Crips and their rivals, the PJ Watts Crips, as well as both of their rivals, the Hunter and Hacienda Bloods sets, at the Imperial Courts housing project (home of the PJ Watts Crips) on April 28, 1992. The 1992 Los Angeles riots on April 29 were over the acquittal of the LAPD officers who beat Rodney King. They involved mass looting and arson, and were ended by a massive law enforcement presence on May 4. Meanwhile, starting the night of the truce and continuing through the riots, the Crips and Bloods partied together at the Imperial Courts and Nickerson Gardens projects.[32][44][46]

The Crips and Bloods decided the riots were "an opportunity to transform themselves and their community". During the riots, graffiti was made across the city advertising the truce. On May 3, the Pirus joined the truce. On May 16 and 17, as the National Guard was being withdrawn from Los Angeles, the Crips and Bloods sponsored a Saturday "unity picnic" and a Sunday family event which welcomed members of the community. More than 5,000 people (including Congresswoman Maxine Waters) showed up to these events, including members of both gangs. A final treaty between gangs featured a code of ethics included the phrase: "I accept the duty to honor, uphold and defend the spirit of the red, blue and purple [the colors of the Watts gangs], to teach the black [sic] family its legacy and protracted struggle for freedom and justice.” It also prohibited the throwing up of gang signs.[32][44][46]

Community organizers created the Community Against Police Abuse and Community Youth Gang Services with the goal of stopping future violence. They also pushed for more employment opportunities, to offset the number of people who got involved in gang conflict because they could make money from the gangs' drug trade. The reforms made by the community after the riot temporarily decreased violence and led to the association of members of both gangs. In 1993, gang-related deaths in Los Angeles decreased by 10 percent, the first decrease since 1984.[32][44][46]

Failure of gang reforms

[edit]

After the truce, sneakers made by the company Eurostar were manufactured which featured gang colors or the colors of the Pan-African flag, to promote the truce; "TRUCE" was written on the heels. President George H.W. Bush praised Eurostar, which promised to use the profits to pay employees who would be former gang members. The promise was unfulfilled, as Eurostar faltered by the summer of 1993.[32]

The LAPD claimed that the truce included a pledge among gang members to commit violence against police. This led to a greater police patrol, which went against community organizers' wishes. They also arrested many people who were celebrating the truce in hopes that they would be angered and commit violence.[32]

In mid-May 1992, members of the Crips and Bloods drafted a proposal for the city's new Rebuild LA city program, requesting a $3.728 billion investment in gang-affected communities. Rebuild LA chose not to work with the gangs, and so the proposal failed; however, it nonetheless influenced lawmakers' policies. Rebuild LA invested far less into affected communities than it had pledged, and by 1997, it disbanded. One of the organizers of the truce said that despite a decrease in gang violence, "this community [Watts] is more hopeless now that it was before", and that "they have no hope that anything is gonna change". The truce made in 1992 would last for about a decade. Time magazine wrote: "Given the continued lack of jobs, substandard housing, limited educational opportunities, and police harassment—all of the conditions that precipitated the rebellion in the first place—the old status quo seemed destined to reemerge. Crime, collective mistrust, and exhaustive policing ultimately prevailed."[32]

Murder of Tupac Shakur

[edit]
Main article: Murder of Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur c. 1995

Famous rapper and actor Tupac Shakur was murdered in Las Vegas in September 1996; he was shot on the 7th and died from his wounds on the 13th.[47] His music was released under the Death Row Records label headed by Suge Knight; Shakur was killed while being driven by Knight through the city.[48] In 2021, a report by the Los Angeles Times revealed the murder was done by the Crips as part of the Crips–Bloods war. Shakur, Knight, and Death Row Records were associated with Piru Bloods.[49]

Allegedly, before the murder, a Southside Crip named Orlando Anderson was involved in the beating and robbing of one of Shakur's bodyguards by Crips in Lakewood, California. Afterwards, Anderson threatened to rip the Death Row Records medallion off of the bodyguard's neck, which was seen as an insult to the Bloods. Before Shakur's murder on September 7, Shakur attended a boxing match at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. On his way out with his bodyguards, one of them noticed Anderson, and Shakur came over to Anderson. Shakur asked Anderson, "You from the South?", and then beat him with help from Knight. It is alleged that local Crips then decided to kill Shakur later that day.[49]

2000s

[edit]

On December 25, 2005, Branden Lullard ("Baby Loc"), the head of the Grape Street Crips, was shot in the face. This led to a violent feud between the Bounty Hunter Bloods and Grape Street Crips which lasted for months. The first Blood to die was within an hour of Lullard's shooting. The feud would lead to 20 shootings which included 8 deaths. It led to the area's city councilwoman, Janice Hahn, creating the Watts Gang Task Force, a neighborhood watch group headed by relatives of gang members.[37]

The Watts Gang Task Force included Cynthia Mendenhall, who was a high-ranking member of the PJ Crips in the 1980s. She had planned to build a charter school in Watts, which was criticized by Maxine Waters. The two had a public feud, which led to Mendenhall getting support from local Republican politicians. However, she decided to leave the task force. On April 26, 2006, Mendenhall's son Anthony Owens was shot and killed outside Imperial Courts, in a drive-by shooting perpetrated by the Carver Park Compton Crips. The hospital Owens was being treated at was visited by the PJ Crips, Grape Street Crips, and Bounty Hunter Bloods. Mendenhall told the crowd that Owens had died and pleaded with them not to seek revenge. Police honored her as a peacemaker, and provided to her a motorcade escort to the funeral, which was visited by Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa.[37]

Charlie Beck in 2014

In 2006, Charlie Beck, a former CRASH officer, became Deputy Chief for the South Bureau of the Los Angeles Police Department. He worked with civil rights lawyer Connie Rice to develop "a plan to train, certify and deploy gang-intervention workers to the city's hot spots". Villaraigosa also changed the city's method of dealing with gangs by spending $21 million of his office's annual budget on the city's Gang Reduction and Youth Development program. The New York Times described the program as such: "Schools in neighborhoods with the highest gang presence, including Watts, now systematically identify the most at-risk children for extra services; gang-intervention workers receive city financing; and the city provides summer activities through its Summer Night Lights programs, which keeps parks and recreation centers open later in high-crime neighborhoods." Beck became the chief of the LAPD in 2009. His tenure was successful; from 2011 to 2013, violent crime fell down 30 percent in Watts.[37]

2010s

[edit]

In 2011, a conflict started in San Diego, California, when a member of a Bloods-connected gang was killed by the Crips. Prosecutors claimed that a member of the Bloods gang, Nicholas Hoskins, made an agreement with at least 20 fellow members to kill Bloods. He was convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison, but the conviction was thrown out by the California Supreme Court in 2022, saying there was no evidence of conspiracy.[50]

In 2012, there was a major conflict in and around the village of Hempstead, New York (mostly in the village's Linden Triangle neighborhood), which led to 56 people being shot by the end of the year (40 of them within Hempstead). 10 of them died, and three became fully or partially paralyzed. The war ended when the Crips lured two of the Bloods' leaders into an ambush under the guise of negotiating a truce. Those Bloods then associated with a gang called the Very Crispy Gangsters.[51][52]

By 2014, an estimated 20,000 people had died from the wider war.[52] In April 2015, Baltimore's police department announced that there was a "credible threat" of violence from the city's Crips, Bloods, and Black Guerrilla Family, saying that the three gangs had formed a partnership. There was a popular theory among "observers" of the police department (including Slate magazine) that this announcement was fake, and used to distract the public from the department's poor image.[53] In June 2015, there was a large fight between Crips and Bloods inside the Otis Bantum Correctional Center in New York, which prison officials broke up; rapper Bobby Shmurda, a Crip, was involved.[54] In 2016, police in Edmonton, Canada, said that fighting between Crips and Bloods over the local drug trade had started.[55] Also that year, Bloods and Crips in Atlanta cooperated during Black Lives Matter protests over the deaths of Anton Sterling and Philando Castile.[56]

In December 2017, a leader of the Bloods in Franklin, Virginia, Brandon Lee Leonard, was shot and left in a ditch behind his girlfriend's house some time after getting into a confrontation with a member of a rival gang affiliated with the Crips. Hours after Leonard was found dead, a drive-by shooting happened at the house of the gang member who had fought with Leonard. Nobody was injured, but "a bullet narrowly missed the gang member's mother, who was asleep". Two Crips were shot the next day, one seriously injured. The conflict paused until 2019, when a Crip posted on social media a scoreboard "showing the Crips leading the Bloods 1-0". A few days later, on Leonard's birthday, a Crip posted a video in which he sang "Happy Birthday" to Leonard, and then mimicked gunshot sounds. Later that day, he was seriously injured in a shooting by Bloods. Five local Bloods had been sent to prison for the Franklin gang war by 2024.[57]

A mural referencing the war in Watts' Nickerson Gardens housing project, pictured in 2019

On March 31, 2019, popular rapper Nipsey Hussle, a member of the Rollin' 60s Crip gang, was murdered in Crenshaw, Los Angeles by Eric Holder, Jr., another member of the Rollin' 60s. Nipsey Hussle was well-liked among both Crips and Bloods for his peaceful relations with the Bloods, which included bringing them on stage to perform with him. His death led to the most peace negotiations between the gangs since the 1992 truce. This started with a public meeting between the Swamp Crips and Campanella Park Pirus at Van Ness Park, and continued for multiple meetings at a location east of the 110 Freeway.[58][59]

2020s

[edit]

In 2020, an up-and-coming Blood rapper from Fort Worth, Texas, named Javien Calvin Wright ("J-Dub"), was fatally shot outside of his residence. "Arguing and posturing" regarding his death began on social media; notably, a YouTube vlogger uploaded a video titled "Why Channel-5 J-Dub is dead.", which featured clips of people celebrating while holding guns and wads of money. This conflict over Wright, which began to involve members of gangs on the east and south sides of Fort Worth, led to a gathering of over 400 people at the city's Village Creek Park on May 10. At the park, there was a shooting which wounded five people.[60][61]

A memorial to the victims of the 2022 Sacramento shooting

In February 2022, in Los Angeles, Skipp Townsend held a peace meeting over brunch with the rivaling Rollin' 60s Crips and Inglewood Family Bloods at a restaurant in Manhattan Beach. This meeting was successful, and as of June 2024, there has not been a homicide caused by warring between the sets since then.[62]

On April 3, 2022, multiple gunmen killed six people and injured 12 in a mass shooting at the intersection of 10th Street and K Street in Sacramento, California. In 2024, Sacramento Police detective Shaun McGovern gave more details on the case while testifying in a trial of three men accused of the shooting, saying that the shooting was related to a conflict between the local Garden Blocc Crips and Del Paso Heights Bloods gangs, among other gangs.[63]

[edit]

The 1988 film Colors, which follows police officers as they investigate the two gangs (as well as a fictional third one) in L.A., gained notoriety for using real gangsters as extras, as well as when a Crip murdered a Blood waiting in line to see the movie in Stockton, California.[42] The war was the subject of a 2008 documentary film Crips and Bloods: Made in America.[36]

In 1990, as a show of solidarity amongst the city's gang members, a group of major West Coast rappers released the song "We're All in the Same Gang" under the name West Coast Rap All-Stars.[44][64] The cover of Kendrick Lamar's 2014 single "i" is a photo of a Crip and Blood holding up their hands to make heart symbols, which Lamar described as the opposite of holding up gang signs. In 2024, he held The Pop Out: Ken & Friends concert in Los Angeles, in which Bloods and Crips celebrated together as a way to demonstrate unity against Drake during the Drake–Kendrick Lamar feud.[65]

In the video games Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004) and Grand Theft Auto V (2013), both set in a fictional version of California named San Andreas, the Crips and Bloods are represented by the "Grove Street Families" and "Ballas" gangs, respectively.[66] Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas has a gang warfare gameplay mechanic, where players — acting as Grove Street Family member Carl Johnson — can kill Ballas to take over the city of "Los Santos" in sections.[67]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Starting in 1998, during the Rampart scandal, many CRASH officers were implicated in and accused of multiple crimes similar to the gangs they were targeting, such as murdering innocent people and framing the murders on other innocent people, drug dealing, and theft.[38] Three CRASH officers—David Mack, Kevin Gaines, and Rafael Pérez—had connections to the Bloods while on the force.[39]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Feud between Bloods and Crips blamed for violence linked to two murders". 25 May 2016.
  2. ^ Harris, Donnie (October 2004). Gangland. Holy Fire. ISBN 978-0-9761112-4-5.
  3. ^ https://ncgia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Folk.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjxv7CNs6uJAxXG5ckDHVpEMFMQFnoECD0QAQ&sqi=2&usg=AOvVaw2H8n48hMRa3Is5_oX2w3wO
  4. ^ https://www.thesuburban.com/news/west_island_news/teen-arrested-in-ddo-murder-of-gang-member/article_5924d4ed-cf70-56a5-97c1-91defc128dbe.html
  5. ^ "Lancaster v. Holland, Case No. CV 15-5496-KES | Casetext Search + Citator".
  6. ^ "Denver Lane Bloods VS Hoover Criminals Inglewood Family Bloods & Crips". YouTube. 24 June 2023.
  7. ^ "X-Raided on Dr. Dre Trying to Buy Black Market, Garden Blocc Crips & Meadowview Bloods War (Part 4)". YouTube. 29 August 2024.
  8. ^ "Feud between Moss Side Bloods and Rusholme Crips blamed for violence linked to two murders". 24 May 2016.
  9. ^ https://www.courts.ca.gov/opinions/archive/C074267M.PDF
  10. ^ https://info.publicintelligence.net/BloodsStreetGangIntelligenceReport.pdf
  11. ^ "Dailymotion".
  12. ^ https://info.publicintelligence.net/UBNCodes.pdf
  13. ^ https://info.publicintelligence.net/UBNCodes.pdf
  14. ^ https://www.saintfrancis.com/assets/documents/trauma-symposium/lt-demetrious-treantelfeles-925-a.m.pdf
  15. ^ https://info.publicintelligence.net/BloodsStreetGangIntelligenceReport.pdf
  16. ^ "United Blood Nation history, terminology, background". 18 May 2017.
  17. ^ "Gang Task Force".
  18. ^ https://www.bethlehem-pa.gov/CityOfBethlehem/media/COBfiles/oldbeth/police/info/GangInformation.pdf
  19. ^ Roks, R. A. (2017). "Crip or Die? Gang Disengagement in the Netherlands". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 47 (5): 695–716. doi:10.1177/0891241617725786. PMC 6139984. PMID 30262969.
  20. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308323359_Bloods_Crips_and_Southern_Cross_Soldiers_Gang_Identities_in_Australia
  21. ^ "LA street style gangs surging in New Zealand prisons". Newshub.
  22. ^ "Feud between Bloods and Crips blamed for violence linked to two murders". Daily Mirror. 25 May 2016.
  23. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/30/nyregion/24-members-of-crips-gang-are-arrested-in-a-sweep-by-police.html
  24. ^ "Gang violence worldwide". 18 May 2024.
  25. ^ "The Bloods: Who Founded the La-Based Street Gang?". 21 December 2023.
  26. ^ "Sylvester Scott, 51 - the Homicide Report". 12 May 2006.
  27. ^ "Compton deputy has a story straight from the streets". 14 December 2016.
  28. ^ "Los Angeles Crips and Bloods: Past and Present".
  29. ^ "Tracing the Roots of Black Gang Rivalry". 31 July 1996.
  30. ^ "Crips | Origins, Activities & Impact | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  31. ^ "Bloods | History & Membership | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Los Angeles Had a Chance to Build a Better City After the Rodney King Violence in 1992. Here's Why It Failed". TIME. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  33. ^ Covey, Herbert (2015). Crips and Bloods: A Guide to the American Subculture, pp. 20-21. ABC-CLIO.
  34. ^ a b "'Tookie' spawned bloody gang wars". Daily News. 2005-12-04. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  35. ^ "Crips | Origins, Activities & Impact | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
  36. ^ a b c "The Bloods: Who Founded the La-Based Street Gang?". Yahoo Entertainment. 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g Buntin, John (2013-07-10). "What Does It Take to Stop Crips and Bloods From Killing Each Other?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  38. ^ "Rampart scandal | LAPD Corruption, Police Brutality & Impact on US History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  39. ^ "Connecting the Dots". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
  40. ^ Minty, Chip. "Bloods Gang Found to Be Operating in Oklahoma City". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  41. ^ Collins, Dave. "Gangs Aren't Wearing Colors Anymore". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  42. ^ a b Janowitz, Nathaniel (2021-07-15). "How the US Exported a Bloods and Crips Gang War to Belize". Vice. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  43. ^ Janowitz, Nathaniel (2023-10-25). "3-Year-Old Girl Killed After Family Allegedly Found Cocaine Washed Up on Beach". Vice. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  44. ^ a b c d e Allah, Sha Be (2024-04-28). "Today In Hip Hop History: The Historic Truce Between The Bloods And Crips During The L.A. Riots 32 Years Ago -". thesource.com. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  45. ^ Walker, Jill (May 28, 1990). "SURGE OF HISPANIC GANGS SEEN IN LOS ANGELES". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  46. ^ a b c Aceves, William J. (2022-04-22). "Op-Ed: How four gangs in Watts brokered a historic peace treaty". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
  47. ^ "Tupac Shakur | Biography, Songs, Albums, Movies, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-10-09. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  48. ^ Bruck, Connie (1997-06-29). "The Takedown of Tupac". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  49. ^ a b "Paper links Shakur slaying to L.A. gang wars". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Newspapers. 2002-09-06. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
  50. ^ "Court Throws out Conviction of San Diego Crips, Bloods-Affiliated Gang War 'Cheerleader'". NBC 7 San Diego. The Associated Press. 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  51. ^ Quamme, Margaret. "The Triangle: Gang saga grim but gripping". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  52. ^ a b Miller, Laura (2014-12-15). ""We're Baghdad-ready": Inside the street gangs of Long Island". Salon. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  53. ^ Neyfakh, Leon (2015-04-29). "Baltimore's Gang Problem". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  54. ^ "Bobby Shmurda -- Knuckles Up for Crips vs. Bloods ... Jailhouse Edition". TMZ. 2015-05-16. Retrieved 2024-08-21.
  55. ^ Southwick, Reid (April 12, 2016). "Lethbridge police downplay drug turf war between feuding gangs from nearby Blood Tribe". Edmonton Sun. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
  56. ^ "Bloods and Crips stand together in solidarity during Atlanta Black Lives Matter protests". www.aol.com. 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2024-08-21.
  57. ^ "Fifth and final member of Franklin gang involved in retaliatory shootings is in prison now". The Virginian-Pilot. 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  58. ^ "Nipsey Hussle's death unified Crips and Bloods in grief. Now, peace talks carry on his call". Los Angeles Times. 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  59. ^ Queally, James (2023-02-22). "Crips gang member sentenced to 60 years in prison in murder of Nipsey Hussle". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  60. ^ Mitchell, Mitch (June 30, 2020). "Killing of aspiring rapper led to Mother's Day shootout at Fort Worth park, police say". Star-Telegram. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  61. ^ Mitchell, Mitch (May 11, 2020). "Shooting during party at Fort Worth park reminds some of gang violence 30 years ago". Star-Telegram. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  62. ^ "Skipp Townsend: Peacemaker with Bloods and Crips cred". Los Angeles Times. 2024-06-09. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  63. ^ Desai, Ishani (September 12, 2024). "Gang 'challenge' in video led up to Sacramento's deadliest mass shooting, expert says in court". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
  64. ^ Reeves, Mosi (January 27, 2022). "The 40 Greatest Dr. Dre Productions". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  65. ^ "Kendrick Lamar Unites Crips & Bloods On Stage In L.A.: 'This Is Unity At Its Finest'". HipHopDX. 2024-06-20. Retrieved 2024-08-21.
  66. ^ Vatsa, Shubhendu (June 16, 2021). "5 gangs from the GTA series that took inspiration from real life". Sportskeeda. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  67. ^ Teuton, Christopher (2020-10-13). "GTA 6 Can Fix The One Problem With San Andreas' Gang Warfare". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crips–Bloods_gang_war&oldid=1260352372"