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List of California wildfires

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"California wildfire" redirects here. For the current fires in California, see 2025 California wildfires.

About 75% of California's 20 most destructive wildfires—measured in terms of structures burned—have occurred since 2015.[1]
Santa Ana winds in California expand fires and spread smoke over hundreds of miles, as in this October 2007 satellite image.
The Rim Fire consumed more than 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) of forest near Yosemite National Park, in 2013.

This is a partial and incomplete list of wildfires in the US state of California. California has dry, windy, and often hot weather conditions from spring through late autumn that can produce moderate to severe wildfires. Pre-1800, when the area was much more forested and the ecology much more resilient, 4.4-11.9 million acres (1.8-4.8 million hectares) of forest and shrubland burned annually.[2] California land area totals 99,813,760 or roughly 100 million acres, so since 2000, the area that burned annually has ranged between 90,000 acres, or 0.09%, and 1,590,000 acres, or 1.59% of the total land of California.[3] During the 2020 wildfire season alone, over 8,100 fires contributed to the burning of nearly 4.5 million acres of land.

Causes

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Lack of common sense forest managment has lengthened the fire season and made it more extreme from the middle of the 20th century.[4][5]

Since the early 2010s, wildfires in California are growing more dangerous because of the accumulation of wood fuel in forests, higher population, and aging and often poorly maintained electricity transmission and distribution lines, particularly in areas serviced by Pacific Gas and Electric.[6][7][8] United States taxpayers pay about US$3 billion a year to fight wildfires, and big fires can lead to billions of dollars in property losses.[9] At times, these wildfires are fanned or made worse by strong, dry winds, known as Diablo winds when they occur in the northern part of the state and Santa Ana winds when they occur in the south. However, from a historical perspective, it has been estimated that prior to 1850, about 4.5 million acres (17,000 km2) burned yearly, in fires that lasted for months, with wildfire activity peaking roughly every 30 years, when up to 11.8 million acres (47,753 km3) of land burned.[10][11] The much larger wildfire seasons in the past can be attributed to the policy of Native Californians regularly setting controlled burns and allowing natural fires to run their course, which prevented devastating wildfires from overrunning the state.[10] There are conservation issues that aren't allowing as many controlled burns necessary to lessen the damage for when a wildfire starts.[12]

Effects

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More than 350,000 people in California live in towns sited completely within zones deemed to be at very high risk of fire. In total, more than 2.7 million people live in "very high fire hazard severity zones", which also include areas at lesser risk.[13]

On lands under CAL FIRE's jurisdictional protection (i.e. not federal or local responsibility areas), the majority of wildfire ignitions since 1980 have been caused by humans. The four most common ignition sources for wildfires on CAL FIRE-protected lands are, in order: equipment use, powerlines, arson, and lightning.[14]

A 2023 study found that these wildfires are affecting the California ecosystem and disrupting the habitats.[15][16] It found that in the 2020 and 2021 fire seasons 58% of the area affected by wildfires occurred in those two seasons since 2012.[15][17] These two fires destroyed 30% of the habitat of 50 species as well as 100 species that had 10% of their habitats burn. 5-14% of the species' habitats burned at a "high severity."[18][19]

Statistics

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Area burned per year

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Remains of houses destroyed in the Oakland firestorm of 1991
Satellite image from October, 2003 including Cedar Fire, one of the largest wildfires in California history

Starting in 2001, the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state.[20]

Year Fires Acres Hectares Ref
2000 7,622 295,026 119,393 [21]
2001 9,458 329,126 133,193 [22]
2002 8,328 969,890 392,500 [23][24]
2003 9,116 1,020,460 412,970 [25][26][27]
2004 8,415 264,988 107,237 [28][29]
2005 7,162 222,538 90,058 [30][31]
2006 8,202 736,022 297,858 [32][33]
2007 9,093 1,520,362 615,269 [21][34]
2008 6,255 1,593,690 644,940 [21]
2009 9,159 422,147 170,837 [35][36]
2010 6,554 109,529 44,325 [37]
2011 7,989 168,545 68,208 [38][39]
2012 7,950 869,599 351,914 [40]
2013 9,907 601,635 243,473 [41][42]
2014 7,865 625,540 253,150 [43][44]
2015 8,745 893,362 361,531 [45]
2016 6,986 669,534 270,951 [46][47]
2017 9,560 1,548,429 626,627 [48][49]
2018 8,527 1,975,086 799,289 [50][51]
2019 7,860 259,823 105,147 [52]
2020 9,639 4,397,809 1,779,730 [53]
2021 8,835 2,568,948 1,039,616 [54]
2022 7,490 362,455 146,680 [55]
2023 7,127 324,917 131,489 [56]
2024 8,024 1,050,012 424,925 [57]
2025
2000-23 Mean 8,243 974,894 394,526
2000-23 Median 8,265 647,537 262,049

Largest wildfires

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As of October 2, 2024, the 20 largest wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection have been:[58]

Fire Name (Cause) County Acres (Hectares) Start date Structures Deaths
1. August Complex (Lightning) Mendocino, Humboldt, Trinity, Tehama, Glenn, Lake, & Colusa 1,032,648 (417,898) August 2020 935 1
2. Dixie (Powerlines) Butte, Plumas, Lassen, Shasta & Tehama 963,309 (389,837) July 2021 1,311 1
3. Mendocino Complex (Human Related) Colusa, Lake, Mendocino, & Glenn 459,123 (185,800) July 2018 280 1
4. Park (Arson) Butte, Plumas, Shasta, & Tehama 429,603 (173,854) July 2024 709 0
5. SCU Lightning Complex (Lightning) Stanislaus, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, & San Joaquin 396,625 (160,508) August 2020 225 0
6. Creek (Undetermined) Fresno & Madera 379,895 (153,738) September 2020 858 0
7. LNU Lightning Complex (Lightning/Arson) Napa, Solano, Sonoma, Yolo, Lake, & Colusa 363,220 (146,990) August 2020 1,491 6
8. North Complex (Lightning) Butte, Plumas & Yuba 318,935 (129,068) August 2020 2,352 15
9. Thomas (Powerlines) Ventura & Santa Barbara 281,893 (114,078) December 2017 1,060 2
10. Cedar (Human Related) San Diego 273,246 (110,579) October 2003 2,820 15
11. Rush (Lightning) Lassen 271,911 (110,038) (+43,666 (17,671) in Nevada) August 2012 0 0
12. Rim (Human Related) Tuolumne 257,314 (104,131) August 2013 112 0
13. Zaca (Human Related) Santa Barbara 240,207 (97,208) July 2007 1 0
14. Carr (Human Related) Shasta & Trinity 229,651 (92,936) July 2018 1,614 8
15. Monument (Lightning) Trinity 223,124 (90,295) August 2021 28 0
16. Caldor (Bullet) Alpine, Amador, & El Dorado 221,835 (89,773) August 2021 1,311 1
17. Matilija (Undetermined) Ventura 220,000 (89,000) September 1932 0 0
18. River Complex (Lightning) Siskiyou & Trinity 199,359 (80,678) July 2021 122 0
19. Witch (Powerlines) San Diego 197,990 (80,120) October 2007 1,650 2
20. Klamath Theatre Complex (Lightning) Siskiyou 192,038 (77,715) June 2008 0 2

Deadliest wildfires

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As of January 23, 2025, the 20 deadliest wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection have been:[59]

Fire Name (Cause) County Acres (Hectares) Start date Structures Deaths
1. Camp (Powerlines) Butte 153,336 (62,053) November 2018 18,804 85
2. Griffith Park (Unknown) Los Angeles 47 (19) October 1933 0 29
3. Tunnel (Rekindle) Alameda 1,600 (650) October 1991 2,900 25
4. Tubbs (Electrical) Napa & Sonoma 36,807 (14,895) October 2017 5,643 22
5. Eaton (Under Investigation) Los Angeles 14,021 (5,674) January 2025 9,418 17
6. North Complex (Lightning) Butte, Plumas & Yuba 318,935 (129,068) August 2020 2,352 15
7. Cedar (Human Related) San Diego 273,246 (110,579) October 2003 2,820 15
6. Rattlesnake (Arson) Glenn 1,340 (540) July 1953 0 15
9. Loop (Unknown) Los Angeles 2,028 (821) November 1966 0 12
10. Palisades (Under Investigation) Los Angeles 23,448 (9,489) January 2025 6,834 11
11. Hauser Creek (Human Related) San Diego 13,145 (5,320) October 1943 0 11
12. Inaja (Human Related) San Diego 43,904 (17,767) November 1956 0 11
13. Iron Alps Complex (Lightning) Trinity 105,855 (42,838) August 2008 10 10
14. Redwood Valley (Power Lines) Mendocino 36,523 (14,780) October 2017 544 9
15. Harris (Undeterminded) San Diego 90,440 (36,600) October 2007 548 8
16. Canyon (Unknown) Los Angeles 22,197 (8,983) August 1968 0 8
17. Carr (Human Related) Shasta & Trinity 229,651 (92,936) July 2018 1,614 8
18. LNU Lightning Complex (Lightning/Arson) Napa, Sonoma, Yolo, Stanislaus & Lake 363,220 (146,990) August 2020 1,491 6
19. Atlas (Power Lines) Napa & Solano 51,624 (20,891) October 2017 781 6
20. Old (Human Related) San Bernardino 91,281 (36,940) October 2003 1,003 6

Most destructive wildfires

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As of January 23, 2025, the 20 most destructive wildfires according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection have been:[60]

Fire Name (Cause) County Acres (Hectares) Start date Structures Deaths
1. Camp (Power Lines) Butte 153,336 (62,053) November 2018 18,804 85
2. Eaton (Under Investigation) Los Angeles 14,021 (5,674) January 2025 9,418 17
3. Palisades (Under Investigation) Los Angeles 23,448 (9,489) January 2025 6,837 11
4. Tubbs (Electrical) Napa & Sonoma 36,807 (14,895) October 2017 5,646 22
5. Tunnel (Rekindle) Alameda 1,600 (650) October 1991 2,900 25
6. Cedar (Human Related) San Diego 273,246 (110,579) October 2003 2,820 15
7. North Complex (Lightning) Butte, Plumas, & Yuba 318,935 (129,068) August 2020 2,352 15
8. Valley (Electrical) Lake, Napa & Sonoma 76,067 (30,783) September 2015 1,955 4
9. Witch (Powerlines) San Diego 197,990 (80,120) October 2007 1,650 2
10. Woolsey (Electrical) Ventura 96,949 (39,234) November 2018 1,643 3
11. Carr (Human Related) Shasta & Trinity 229,651 (92,936) July 2018 1,614 8
12. Glass (Undetermined) Napa & Sonoma 67,484 (27,310) September 2020 1,520 0
13. LNU Lightning Complex (Lightning/Arson) Napa, Solano, Sonoma, Yolo, Lake, & Colusa 363,220 (146,990) August 2020 1,491 6
14. CZU Lightning Complex (Lightning) Santa Cruz & San Mateo 86,509 (35,009) August 2020 1,490 1
15. Nuns (Powerline) Sonoma 54,382 (22,008) October 2017 1,355 3
16. Dixie (Powerline) Butte, Plumas, Lassen, & Tehama 963,309 (389,837) July 2021 1,311 1
17. Thomas (Powerline) Ventura & Santa Barbara 281,893 (114,078) December 2017 1,063 23
18. Caldor (Bullet) Alpine, Amador, & El Dorado 221,835 (89,773) August 2021 1,003 1
19. Old (Human Related) San Bernardino 91,281 (36,940) October 2003 1,003 6
20. Jones (Undetermined) Shasta 26,200 (10,600) October 1999 954 1

Areas of repeated ignition

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The summer 2008 wildfires were widespread and deadly, with at least 3,596 wildfires of various origins burning throughout Northern and Central California, for around four months

In some parts of California, fires recur with some regularity. In Oakland, for example, fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, and 2008.[61][62] Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Los Angeles County are other examples. Orange and San Bernardino counties share a border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park, with the park's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub, grassland, and woodland, to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers. The valley's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought, therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagrations, many of which have occurred since 1914. Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914, the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and into today.[63]

On occasion, lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition. Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire, the 2008 California wildfires,[citation needed] as well as the LNU and SCU Lightning Complex fires (both in 2020).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires" (PDF). from fire.ca.gov. CalFire. January 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2025. (Supplements December 2024 version with early 2025 data)
  2. ^ Stephens, Scott L.; Martin, Robert E.; Clinton, Nicholas E. (November 15, 2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands". Forest Ecology and Management. 251 (3): 210. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005. ISSN 0378-1127. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2020. area burned annually in California varied from 1,814,614 to 4,838,293 ha (excluding the desert region in Southeastern California) during the prehistoric period. With the land area of California equaling 40,396,822 ha (CCDB, 2003), this results in 4.5–12.0% of the state's lands burning annually
  3. ^ "California Wildfire Emission Estimates | California Air Resources Board". ww2.arb.ca.gov. Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  4. ^ "Climate change: What role is it playing in the California fires". www.bbc.com. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
  5. ^ "Intensifying climate whiplash set the stage for devastating California fires". Los Angeles Times. January 9, 2025. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
  6. ^ BORUNDA, ALEJANDRA; ELLIOTT, KENNEDY (November 15, 2018). "See how a warmer world primed California for large fires". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  7. ^ "Twenty-first century California, USA, wildfires: fuel-dominated vs. wind-dominated fires". ResearchGate. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  8. ^ "Historical patterns of wildfire ignition sources in California ecosystems". ResearchGate. Retrieved August 24, 2020.
  9. ^ "Wildfires are growing more costly". NBC News. May 14, 2014. Archived from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  10. ^ a b Rogers, Paul (August 23, 2020). "California fires: State, feds agree to thin millions of acres of forests - New plan would last 20 years, reshaping California's landscape". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Before the Gold Rush in 1849, large parts of California burned every few decades. Lightning fires burned for months, and native tribes burned the land, clearing out dead vegetation. ... Stephens, the UC fire scientist, estimates that before the Gold Rush, roughly 4.5 million acres a year in California burned. By the 1950s and 1960s, that was down to about 250,000 acres a year.
  11. ^ Weil, Elizabeth (August 28, 2020). "They Know How to Prevent Megafires. Why Won't Anybody Listen?". ProPublica. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  12. ^ Writer, Katherine Fung Senior (January 9, 2025). "How red tape strangled California forest management before LA fires". Newsweek. Retrieved January 12, 2025.
  13. ^ Ryan Sabalow; Phillip Reese; Dale Kasler (April 11, 2019). "Destined to Burn: California races to predict which town could be next to burn". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on November 17, 2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019 – via KRCR News.
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  16. ^ Ayars, Jessalyn; Kramer, H. Anu; Jones, Gavin M. (November 28, 2023). "The 2020 to 2021 California megafires and their impacts on wildlife habitat". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (48). doi:10.1073/pnas.2312909120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10691208. PMID 37983516.
  17. ^ Ayars, Jessalyn; Kramer, H. Anu; Jones, Gavin M. (November 28, 2023). "The 2020 to 2021 California megafires and their impacts on wildlife habitat". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (48). doi:10.1073/pnas.2312909120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10691208. PMID 37983516.
  18. ^ "California wildfires altering ecosystems, disrupting wildlife habitats: Study". ABC News. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
  19. ^ Ayars, Jessalyn; Kramer, H. Anu; Jones, Gavin M. (November 28, 2023). "The 2020 to 2021 California megafires and their impacts on wildlife habitat". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (48). doi:10.1073/pnas.2312909120. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 10691208. PMID 37983516.
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  27. ^ "Otay Fire". CAL FIRE. October 27, 2003. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
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  33. ^ "Large Fires 2006" (PDF). CAL FIRE. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 18, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
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  35. ^ "National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2009" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
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  38. ^ "National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2011" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  39. ^ "Large Fires 2011" (PDF). CAL FIRE. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  40. ^ "National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2012" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  41. ^ "National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2013" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  42. ^ Ken Pimlott; John Laird; Edmond G. Brown Jr. (September 3, 2014). "2013 Wildfire Statistics" (PDF). CAL FIRE. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
  43. ^ "National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2014" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
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  46. ^ "National Report of Wildland Fires and Acres Burned by State 2016" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
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  48. ^ "2017 Incident Archive". 2019. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
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  50. ^ "2018 Incident Archive". CAL FIRE. 2020. Archived from the original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
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  52. ^ "2019 Incident Archive". fire.ca.gov. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  53. ^ "2020 Incident Archive". CAL FIRE. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  54. ^ "2021 Incident Archive". CAL FIRE. Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
  55. ^ "2022 Incident Archive". CAL FIRE. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  56. ^ "2023 Incident Archive". CAL FIRE. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
  57. ^ "2024 Incident Archive". www.fire.ca.gov. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  58. ^ "Top 20 Largest California Wildfires" (PDF). October 2, 2024.
  59. ^ "Top 20 Deadliest California Wildfires" (PDF). January 23, 2025.
  60. ^ "Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires" (PDF). January 23, 2025.
  61. ^ "Oakland Hills Fire". Today in Montclair, 94611. March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  62. ^ "History of Fires in the Oakland hills" (PDF). oaklandnet.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  63. ^ A 100 Year History of Wildfires Near Chino Hills State Park (PDF) (Report). Hills For Everyone. August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
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