Mai Bakhtawar
Mai Bakhtawar Lashari Baloch | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1880 |
| Died | 22 June 1947 (aged 67) Dodo Khan Sargani, British India (now Pakistan) |
| Occupation | Peasant |
| Known for | Courage against injustice |
| Movement | Hari Movement |
| Spouse | Wali Mohammad Lashari |
| Children | 4 |
Mai Bakhtawar Lashari Baloch (Sindhi: مائي بختاور لاشاري; Urdu: مائی بخت آور لاشاری بلوچ, 1880 - 22 June 1947) was a peasant from the village Dodo Khan Sargani, near Roshanabad in Umerkot, Tando Bago Tehsil, Badin District in Sindh.[a][2] Growing up in rural Sindh under British rule, she faced the challenges of poverty in a deeply patriarchal society. Despite these obstacles, she courageously stood up against the injustices inflicted by local landlords. Her resistance ultimately led to her murder at the hands of a landlord and his men, marking her as a symbol of defiance against oppression.
Life
[edit]She was the only child of Murad Khan Lashari, who named her Mai Bakhtawar, meaning 'fortunate woman'.[3] In 1898, Mai Bakhtawar married Wali Mohammad Lashari, who worked as a peasant in the lands of a landed aristocrat.[3] The couple had four children: Mohammad Khan, Lal Bukhsh, Mohammad Siddique and daughter Rasti.[citation needed] She is remembered as a courageous woman who consistently stood up against injustice throughout her life.[2] Some political agitators have posthumously invoked her legacy, portraying her as a "daughter of the soil" and a heroic figure for the Sindhi cause, using her story to further their own agendas.[4][5]
Background
[edit]In rural Sindh during the 1940s, over 80% of cultivated land was owned by large landlords, known as Zamindars. Haris (tenant farmers) worked the land in exchange for a share of the harvest, primarily wheat, or a portion of the revenue from crops like cotton.[6] Mai Bakhtawar’s village was part of an estate covering 40,000 acres. It was common practice at the time for landlords to arrive with armed men during the harvest, seizing the majority of the yield and leaving only a small portion for the peasants.[2]
To address the widespread and deeply rooted poverty caused by the stark divide in land ownership, the Sindh Government commissioned the Hari Committee of Enquiry in March 1947 to review tenancy rights and explore agrarian reform in the province. Although the report was released after the creation of Pakistan, it recommended against abolishing the zamindar system.[b] Instead, the committee proposed reforms to ensure that peasants received their full share of produce from landlords and were granted security of tenure.[6]
Another organisation dedicated to empowering peasants was the Sindh Hari Committee, founded in 1930 in Mirpurkhas. Its primary goal was to secure land ownership rights for peasants. After World War II, which further deepened poverty in Sindh, Hyder Bux Jatoi emerged as a central figure in the committee. From the 1940s into the following decade, he played a crucial role in shaping the province's agrarian reform debates. In the tense post-war climate, amid growing nationalist pressure, the campaign to reform the batai (sharecropping) system - known as the 'Adh Bateyo' Movement - was revived in 1946.[7] On 20 - 22 June 1947, Hyder Bux Jatoi's advocacy movement held a gathering in Judho, just 10 kilometres from Mai Bakhtawar's village, Dodo Khan Sargani.[2][7]
Murder
[edit]The movement gained momentum, leading to regular clashes between peasants and landlords in Sindh. On 22 June 1949, while most of Mai Bakhtawar's village men and many women attended a nearby Hari conference in Jhudo, the landlord, Choudhry Saeedullah, attempted to exploit their absence.[2] Accompanied by armed men, he entered the village to seize the entire crop yield. It was then that Mai Bakhtawar courageously confronted them, refusing to allow their theft. Defying the landlord and his men, she physically stood her ground,[8] a bold act in an era and region where even men were often too fearful to challenge the landlords for their rights.
It is unclear whether Mai Bakhtawar used the famous Sindhi slogan of Sufi Shah Inayat, 'Jeko Khede So Khaey' (He who tills has the right to eat),[9] or something else.[4][3] What is clear, however, is that her bold resistance deeply angered the armed men accompanying the landlord. In a tragic turn, their fury culminated in them fatally shooting her.[c]
Her body was taken to Samaro for postmortem rites and was buried there.[citation needed]
Impact
[edit]The struggle of the Hari movement captured the public's imagination, particularly after the death of Mai Bakhtawar, who bravely fought against the powerful landed elite for her rights as a sharecropper. Her killers, Saeedullah [d] and his men, were sentenced to 20 years in prison for her murder. Mai Bakhtawar became the first woman to die in the history of peasant uprisings in Sindh.[2] Her death had a profound impact, inspiring the eventual passage of the Sind Tenancy Act. [e]
The murder, occurring amidst the broader movement, drew significant attention to the plight of Sindh's peasants, particularly from urban areas like Karachi, raising awareness of the injustices faced by rural communities.[7]
Places named in honour of Mai Bakhtawar
[edit]- Mai Bakhtawar International Airport in Islamkot was named after Mai Bakhtawar[10]
- First cadet college for girls in Shaheed Benazirabad was also named after Mai Bakhtawar.[citation needed]
- Government of Sindh has named Bakhtawar on concerned Union Council of Kunri Taluka[citation needed]
- Two schools are also named after her.[citation needed]
- Government and non government organizations are awarding their best performance awards on the name of Mai Bakhatawar Lashari Shaheed.[4][11][12]
References and notes
[edit]Explanatory notes
[edit]- ^ She belonged to the Lashari tribe, one of the most renowned tribes of Balochistan.[1]
- ^ Unlike in several Indian states, where abolition was implemented with varying degrees of success after 1947.
- ^ In retrospect, many believed Mai Bakhtawar was killed by a "Punjabi zamindar," owing to landlord Saeedullah's family connections. This incident is also viewed within the broader context of labor recruitment from outside the province, primarily from Punjab, and the influx of landless East Punjabi refugees in early 1948.[6]
- ^ He was the nephew of Pakistan's then foreign minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan.
- ^ The Act was passed by the Sindh Assembly on 4 April 1950, and signed into law by the Governor on 11 May 1950.[7] It mandated that landlords allocate half of the harvest to the farmers, ensuring a more equitable share of the yield for the peasants.
References
[edit]- ^ Salim, Ahmad (July 2008). "Peasant Land Rights Movements of Pakistan (Preliminary Draft Version)" (PDF). sdpi.org. Islamabad, Pakistan: Sustainable Development Policy Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Abbas, Mazhar (17 May 2020). "Mai Bakhtawar: A forgotten daughter of Sindh". thenews.com.pk. The News International. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Khaskheli, Muhammad Abbas (30 March 2018). "Sindh's fearless daughter". thefridaytimes.com. The Friday Times. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ a b c "Hari movement icon Mai Bakhtawar remembered". dawn.com. Dawn. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ Shafi, Mohammad (1972). "Language Controversy in Sindh". Pakistan Forum. 2 (11): 9–19. doi:10.2307/2568980. ISSN 0315-7725. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ a b c Ansari, Sarah (May 2023). ""He who tills has the right to eat": "Development" and the Politics of Agrarian Reform in late 1940s and early 1950s Sindh". Critical Pakistan Studies. 1 (1–2): 50–75. doi:10.1017/cps.2024.9. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ a b c d Abbas, Muhammad (22 June 2018). "How Sindh's landlords lost their battle against the Tenancy Act". thefridaytimes.com. The Friday Times. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
- ^ Naqvi, Rizwana (21 January 2023). "A league of their own". tribune.com.pk. The Express Tribune. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ Fatima, Batool (2023). "Social-Ecological Resurgence through Farmers' Traditional Knowledge and Agroecology in Pakistan" (Thesis for the degree in masters of Environmental Studies). lakeheadu.ca. Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada: Lakehead University. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ "Bilawal to inaugurate Mai Bakhtawar Airport near Islamkot today". dawn.com. Dawn. 11 April 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
- ^ Suad Joseph (1 January 2000). Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Methodologies, paradigms and sources. University of California Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-90-0413-247-4.
- ^ "بختاور شهيد : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)". www.encyclopediasindhiana.org.