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Harsunan Nubian

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Harsunan Nubian
Linguistic classification
ISO 639-2 / 5 nub
Glottolog nubi1251[1]
Mutanan Harsunan Nubian na sudan
tsrin gidajan Nubian

Harsunan Nubian (Arabic) rukuni ne na harsuna masu alaƙa da Nubians ke magana. A baya, ana magana da yarukan Nubian a ko'ina cikin Sudan, amma a sakamakon Arabisation a yau galibi an iyakance su ne ga Kwarin Nilu tsakanin Aswan (kudancin Masar) da Al Dabbah. A cikin ƙididdigar Sudan ta 1956 akwai masu magana da yarukan Nubian 167,831. za a rikita Nubian da Harsunan Nuba daban-daban da ake magana a ƙauyuka a cikin yankunaan Nuba da Darfur ba.

Ƙarin rarrabuwa na baya-bayan nan, kamar waɗanda ke cikin Glottolog, suna la'akari da cewa yarukan Nubian sun zama dangin harshe na farko. Tsoffin rarrabuwa suna la'akari da Nubian a matsayin reshe na phylum na Nilo-Sahara, wani tsari wanda ke rasa goyon baya tsakanin masu ilimin harshe saboda rashin bayanan tallafi.

Tarihi

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  Tsohon Nubian an adana shi a cikin akalla shafuka ɗari na takardu, wanda ya ƙunshi matani biyu na yanayin addini na Kirista da matani na takardun da ke hulɗa da al'amuran jihar da shari'a. Tsohon Nubian an rubuta shi tare da nau'ikan haruffa na Coptic, tare da ƙarin haruffa da aka samo daga Meroitic. Wadannan takardun sun kasance daga karni na 8 zuwa 15 AD. Tsohon Nubian a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar kakanninmu ga Nobiin na zamani, duk da cewa yana nuna alamun hulɗa mai yawa tare da Dongolawi. Wani, wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba, an adana yaren Nubian a cikin wasu rubuce-rubuce da aka samu a Soba, babban birnin Alodia. Tun lokacin da Adolf Ermann ya buga su a 1881, ana kiransu 'Alwan inscriptions' ko 'Alwan Nubian'.

Claude Rilly ya ba da shawarar sake gina Proto-Nubian (2010: 272-273). [2]

Harsunan yau

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Shafin daga fassarar Tsohon Nubian na Investiture na Babban Mala'ika Mika'ilu, daga karni na 9-10th, wanda aka samo a Qasr Ibrim, yanzu a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Sunan Michael ya bayyana a ja: Nubians a lokacin sau da yawa suna amfani da sunayen sirri na Girkanci, sau da yawa tare da ƙarshen ‐ʹ.
Abin tunawa na Marmara da aka samo a Soba tare da rubutun da ba a bayyana ba a Alwan Nubian

Rilly (2010) ya bambanta harsunan Nubian masu zuwa, waɗanda kusan masu magana 900,000 ke magana:

  1. [3]Nobiin, ita ce yaren Nubian na biyu mafi girma tare da masu magana 545,000 a Misira, Sudan, da Nubian diaspora. A baya an san shi da kalmomin ƙasa Mahas da Fadicca / Fiadicca . A ƙarshen 1863 wannan yaren, ko kuma yaren da ke da alaƙa da juna, an san shi da ƙabilar Nubian Shaigiya ta Larabawa.
  2. Kenzi (endonym: Mattokki) tare da masu magana 865,000 a Misira da Dongolawi (endonym) tare da mai magana 180,000 a Sudan. Ba a sake la'akari da su a matsayin yare ɗaya ba, amma suna da alaƙa da juna. Rarraba tsakanin Kenzi da Dongolawi an tsara shi kwanan nan zuwa karni na 21.
  3. Midob (Meidob) tare da masu magana 50,000. Ana magana da yaren da farko a ciki da kewayen rami na dutsen wuta na Malha a Arewacin Darfur.
  4. [4]Birgid, wanda yanzu ya ƙare, ana magana da shi a arewacin Nyala a kusa da Menawashei, tare da masu magana na ƙarshe da aka sani da rai a cikin shekarun 1970. Ita ce babbar yaren tsakanin hanyar Nyala da al-Fashir a arewa da Bahr al-Arab a kudu a kwanan nan a 1860. [1]
  5. Hill Nubian ko Kordofan Nubian, rukuni na harsuna masu alaƙa da juna ko yaruka da ake magana a ƙauyuka daban-daban a arewacin Dutsen Nubian; musamman ta Dilling, Debri, da Kadaru. harshe [5] ya ƙare, Haraza, an san shi ne kawai daga 'yan kalmomi da dattawan ƙauyen suka tunatar da su a cikin 1923.

Binciken lokaci-lokaci kan harsunan Nubian ya fara ne a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karni na sha tara, na farko ya mai da hankali kan yarukan Nubian na Nilu Nobiin da Kenzi-Dongolawi. Yawancin sanannun 'yan Afirka sun shagaltar da kansu tare da Nubian, musamman Lepsius (1880), Reinisch (1879) da Meinhof (1918); wasu malaman Nubian na farko sun haɗa da Almkvist da Shäfer . Bugu da ƙari, Thelwall, Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin da Claude Rilly da George Starostin a cikin ashirin sun gudanar da muhimmiyar aikin kwatankwacin a kan yarukan Nubian.

Rarraba

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Dangantaka tsakanin yarukan Nubian. Lines suna nuna dangantakar asali, layin layi na tasirin harshe; asterisks (*) alama harsuna da ba a tabbatar da su ba a rubuce, daggers (†) alama harsunan da suka mutu.

A al'ada, an raba yarukan Nubian zuwa rassa uku: Arewa (Nile), Yamma (Darfur), da Tsakiya. Ethnologue's ta rarraba harsunan Nubian kamar haka:   Ƙungiyoyin Glottolog duk rassan da ba na Arewacin Nubian ba a cikin rukuni ɗaya mai suna West-Central Nubian. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Hill Nubian, Glottolog ya sanya Dair a cikin wannan reshe kamar Kadaru .

Dangantaka tsakanin Dongolawi da Nobiin ya kasance batun muhawara a cikin Nazarin Nubian. Rarrabawar Ethnologue ta dogara ne akan binciken glotto-chronological na Thelwall (1982) da Bechhaus-Gerst (1996), wanda ke ɗaukar Nobiin reshe na farko daga Proto-Nubian. Sun danganta kusanci na yanzu da na sauti tsakanin Nobiin da Dongolawi ga hulɗar harshe mai yawa. Da yake jayayya cewa babu wata hujja ta archaeological don ƙaura ta daban zuwa Kogin Nilu na masu magana da Dongolawi, Rilly (2010) ya ba da shaida cewa bambancin ƙamus tsakanin Nobiin da Dongolaui galibi saboda tushen Nubian ne a ƙarƙashin Nobiin, wanda ya danganta da Meroitic. Da yake kusantar ƙamus na proto-Nubian da aka gada a cikin dukkan harsunan Nubian a hankali ta hanyar kwatanta harshe, Rilly ya isa ga wannan rarrabuwa:  

Rubutun kalmomi

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Akwai shawarwari guda uku a halin yanzu don haruffa Nubian: bisa ga Rubutun Larabci, Rubutun Helenanci, Rubutun Latin da Tsohon haruffa na Nubian. A cikin wallafe-wallafen littattafai daban-daban na karin magana, ƙamus, da litattafai tun daga shekarun 1950, marubuta huɗu sun yi amfani da Latin, Larabci ta marubuta biyu, da Tsohon Nubian ta marubuta uku. Ga Larabci, ana iya amfani da tsarin ISESCO mai tsawo don nuna wasula da ƙamus da ba a samu a cikin haruffa Larabci kanta ba.

Halinsa                              
Romanized a b g d e z ē th i ï k l m n o
Arabiya                              
Darajar sauti /a, aː/ /b/ /ɡ/ /d/ /e, eː/ /z/ /ə, əː/ /θ/ /i, iː/ /j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /o/
Halinsa                              
Romanized p r s t u f ō š h c j ç ŋ ñ w
Arabiya                              
Darajar sauti /p/ /r/ /s/ /t/ /u, uː/ /f/ /oː/ /ʃ/ /h/ /ç/ /ɟʝ/ /cç/ /ŋ/ /ɲ/ /w/

Dubi kuma

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nubi1251 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Rilly, Claude.
  3. ↑ Bechhaus-Gerst 1996.
  4. ↑ Spaulding 2006.
  5. ↑ Herman Bell (1975) "Documentary Evidence on the Haraza Nubian Language Archived 2024-03-03 at the Wayback Machine"

Tushen

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Haɗin waje

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