Permainan Besar

Permainan Besar, (bahasa Inggeris: The Great Gamecode: en is deprecated ), ialah peristiwa persaingan dan konflik strategi antara Empayar British dengan Empayar Rusia untuk meluaskan kuasa mereka di Asia Tengah. Permainan Besar bermula pada 12 Januari 1830 ketika Lord Ellenborough, presiden Lembaga Kawalan di India, menugaskan Lord William Bentinck selaku gabenor jeneral untuk mewujudkan jalan perdagangan baru ke Amiriah Bukhara.^[1]^[2]^[3] Britain berhasrat untuk menguasai Amiriah Afghanistan dan menjadikan wialah itu sebagai wilayah naungan, dan menggunakan Empayar Uthmaniyah, Empayar Parsi, Kekhanan Khiva dan Amiriah Bukhara sebagai wilayah-wilayah untuk menyekat kemaraan Rusia. Ini akan melindungi India serta laluan perdagangan laut utama Britain dengan menghentikan Rusia daripada mendapatkan pelabuhan di Teluk Parsi atau Lautan Hindi.^[1]^[2] Rusia mencadangkan Afghanistan sebagai zon neutral.^[4] Hasil peristiwa ini termasuk Perang Inggeris-Afghan Pertama 1838 yang gagal, Perang Inggeris-Sikh Pertama pada 1845, Perang Inggeris-Sikh Kedua pada 1848, Perang Inggeris-Afghanistan Kedua pada 1878, dan penaklukan Kokand oleh Rusia.

Sebilangan sejarawan menganggap Permainan Besar berakhir dengan penandatanganan protokol Suruhanjaya Sempadan Pamir pada 10 September 1895,^[5] ketika sempadan antara Afghanistan dan empayar Rusia ditentukan.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Ada segelintir pihak lain menetapkan titik akhir peristiwa ini dengan penandatanganan Konvensyen Inggeris-Rusia pada 31 Ogos 1907.^[10]

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Edward Ingram. The International History Review, Vol. 2, No. 2 (April 1980), m/s. 160-171. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105749 Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction
^ ^a ^b In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842 By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984. ISBN 0714632465. m/s. 7-19
^ Secret committee to governor-general in council, 12 Jan. 1830, India Office Records, Ltes/5/543
^ Becker 2005, m/s. 47.
^ Gerard, M. G., "Report on the proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission (1897)". Digitized Afghanistan Materials in English from the Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection. Paper 25.
^ William C. Rowe (2010). "Chapter 4: The Wakhan Corridor – The endgame of The Great Game". Dalam Alexander C. Diener; Joshua Hagen (penyunting). Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 64. In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close.
^ Gebb, Michael (1983). "Review:Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810–1895". UCLA Historical Journal. 4: 130–132. (..) "The final balance was formalized by the Joint Pamirs Boundary Commission in 1895."
^ Morgan 1981, m/s. 231.
^ Middleton, Robert (2005). "The Earl of Dunmore 1892–93" (PDF). Pamirs Org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-04-28. Dicapai pada 2021-08-24. a commentary on "The Pamirs; being a Narrative of a Year's Expedition on Horseback and Foot through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary and Russian Central Asia" by Charles Adolphus Murray, the Eighth Earl of Dunmore.
^ Dean, Riaz (2019). Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia. Oxford: Casemate (UK). m/s. 270–71. ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.

Rencana sejarah ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[ingram1980-1] Edward Ingram. The International History Review, Vol. 2, No. 2 (April 1980), m/s. 160-171. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105749 Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction

[ingram1984-2] In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842 By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984. ISBN 0714632465. m/s. 7-19

[secret1830-3] Secret committee to governor-general in council, 12 Jan. 1830, India Office Records, Ltes/5/543

[FOOTNOTEBecker200547-4] Becker 2005, m/s. 47.

[gerard1897-5] Gerard, M. G., "Report on the proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission (1897)". Digitized Afghanistan Materials in English from the Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection. Paper 25.

[rowe2010-6] William C. Rowe (2010). "Chapter 4: The Wakhan Corridor – The endgame of The Great Game". Dalam Alexander C. Diener; Joshua Hagen (penyunting). Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 64. In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close.

[gebb1983-7] Gebb, Michael (1983). "Review:Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810–1895". UCLA Historical Journal. 4: 130–132. (..) "The final balance was formalized by the Joint Pamirs Boundary Commission in 1895."

[FOOTNOTEMorgan1981231-8] Morgan 1981, m/s. 231.

[middleton2005-9] Middleton, Robert (2005). "The Earl of Dunmore 1892–93" (PDF). Pamirs Org. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-04-28. Dicapai pada 2021-08-24. a commentary on "The Pamirs; being a Narrative of a Year's Expedition on Horseback and Foot through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary and Russian Central Asia" by Charles Adolphus Murray, the Eighth Earl of Dunmore.

[:1-10] Dean, Riaz (2019). Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia. Oxford: Casemate (UK). m/s. 270–71. ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.

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