Redox

Reduction
Oxidant + e^– ⟶ Product
(Electrons gained; oxidation number decreases)

Oxidation
Reductant ⟶ Product + e^–
(Electrons lost; oxidation number increases)

The two parts of a redox reaction

Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have an increase or decrease in oxidation number (oxidation state).^[1]

An oxidation number is a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative), by an atom of that element in the compound.

The term redox comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:

Oxidation describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion
Reduction describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

Whether an electron is gained or lost can be easily memorised by the abbreviation OIL RIG, which stands for, "Oxidation Is Loss," or losing electrons, and "Reduction Is Gain," or gaining electrons. Redox reactions can also happen by sharing electrons to form a product by covalent bonding.

In an oxidation reduction reaction, the cation gives an electron to the anion because both ions will have a different charge to attract each other with. In an oxidation reduction reaction, the oxidizing reagent pulls an electron from the other atom to have a net positive charge. The reducing reagent gives an electron to have a net negative charge. However, there are exceptions.^[2]

Chemical process

Redox is a chemical process. It can be described in chemical formulas. This example describes the process that occurs in a blast furnace, where iron (Fe) reacts with carbon (C):

\mathrm {1)\ C+O_{2}\longrightarrow CO_{2}}

\mathrm {2)\ CO_{2}+C\rightleftharpoons 2\ CO}

\mathrm {3)\ Fe_{2}O_{3}+3\ CO\longrightarrow 3\ CO_{2}+2\ Fe}

Now elementary iron has been processed.

Related pages

Electrochemistry

Notes

↑ This can be a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH₄), or a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body, through a series of very complex electron transfer processes.
↑ Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation number – the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always cause a change in oxidation number, but there are many reactions which are classed as "redox" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).

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[1] This can be a simple redox process, such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide, the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH₄), or a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body, through a series of very complex electron transfer processes.

[2] Oxidation and reduction properly refer to a change in oxidation number – the actual transfer of electrons may never occur. Thus, oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number, and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always cause a change in oxidation number, but there are many reactions which are classed as "redox" even though no electron transfer occurs (such as those involving covalent bonds).

[1]

[2]

v t e Basic reaction mechanisms
Nucleophilic substitutions	Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S_N1) Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S_N2) Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) Nucleophilic internal substitution (S_Ni) Nucleophilic acyl substitution (S_NAcyl)
Electrophilic substitutions	Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S_EAr)
Elimination reactions	Unimolecular elimination (E1) E1cB-elimination Bimolecular elimination (E2) E_i elimination
Addition reactions	Electrophilic addition Nucleophilic addition Free-radical addition Cycloaddition Oxidative addition
Unimolecular reactions	Intramolecular reaction Isomerization Photodissociation Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism RRKM theory
Electron/Proton transfer reactions	Redox Harpoon reaction Grotthuss mechanism Marcus theory Inner sphere electron transfer Outer sphere electron transfer
Medium effects	Solvent effects Cage effect Matrix isolation
Related topics	Elementary reaction Reaction dynamics Reactive intermediate Radical (chemistry) Molecularity Stereochemistry Catalysis Collision theory Arrow pushing Potential energy surface
Chemical kinetics	Rate equation Equilibrium constant Rate-determining step Reaction coordinate Energy profile (chemistry) Transition state theory Activation energy Activated complex Arrhenius equation Eyring equation Michaelis–Menten kinetics Diffusion-controlled reaction