Jump to content

Gambia

Sintha malink
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Kufuma Wikipedia
(Kufumila ku The Gambia)
Nkhani iyi njakukhwaskana na charu chiphya. For chakumanyuma, see The Gambia (1965–1970).
"Gambia" redirects here. For the river, see Gambia River.

Charu cha Gambia
Mbendela Coat of arms
Chiluso: "Progress, Peace, and Prosperity"
Nyimbo: "For The Gambia Our Homeland"
Malo gha Gambia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa
Malo gha Gambia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa
Malo gha Gambia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa
Msumba WabomaBanjul
Msumba metropolitan area Serekunda
Chiyowoyelo chaboma English
National languages
List:
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2013 Census)
Vipembezo
Mwenecharu Gambian
Mtundu wa Boma Unitary presidential republic
 -  President Adama Barrow
 -  Vice President Muhammad B.S. Jallow
 -  Speaker of the National Assembly Fabakary Jatta
 -  Chief Justice Hassan Bubacar Jallow
Independence
 -  from the United Kingdom 18 February 1965 
 -  dissolution of the Senegambia Confederation 30 September 1989 
Ukulu wa Malo
 -  Malo 11,300[2] km2 (159th)
4,007 sq mi
 -  Maji (%) 11.5
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
 -  2022 estimate 2,413,403[3] (144th)
 -  Density 176.1/km2 (74th)
425.5/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$6.7 billion[4] (166th)
 -  Per capita Increase $2,640[4] (175th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
 -  Total Increase$2.1 billion[4] (185th)
 -  Per capita Increase $846[4] (180th)
Gini (2015)Positive decrease 35.9[5]
medium
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.500[6]
low ·174th
Ndalama Gambian dalasi (GMD)
Mtundu Wanyengo GMT (UTC )
Daylight saving time is not observed
Woko la galimoto right
ISO 3166 code GM
Intaneti yacharu .gm

Charu cha Gambiya, panji kuti Gambia,[lower-alpha 1] pachizungu, Republic of The Gambia,[7] ni chalo icho chili ku Western Africa. Ni caru cicoko comene pa vyaru vyose vya[8] mu Africa, ndipo cili kuzingilizgika na Senegal. Charu cha Gambia chili mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Gambia, uwo ukujumpha pakati pa charu ichi[9] na kuthira mu Nyanja ya Atlantic. Ili na malo ghakukwana 11,300 square kilometres (4,400 sq mi) ndipo ŵanthu 1,857,181 ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Banjul ni msumba ukuru wa charu cha Gambia, ndipo ni msumba ukuru chomene mu charu ichi.[10]

Mu 1455, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakamba kwenda mu chigaŵa cha Gambia, kweni ŵakaŵavya malonda. Mu 1765, charu cha Gambia chikaŵa chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Britain.[11] Mu 1965, charu cha Gambia chikamba kujiwusa chekha pasi pa muwuso wa Dawda Jawara. Adama Barrow wakazgoka purezidenti wachitatu wa Gambia mu Janyuwale 2017, wati watonda Jammeh pa chisankho cha Disembala 2016.[12] Jammeh wakazomera vifukwa ivi, pambere wandaleke uteŵeti wake, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe suzgo la ndyali na kunjilirapo kwa ŵasilikari ŵa wupu wa Economic Community of West African States.[13][14][15]

Charu cha Gambia chili mu wupu wa Economic Community of West African States kufuma apo ukapangika mu 1975 ndipo chili mu wupu wa Commonwealth. Chuma cha mu Gambia chikuthemba pa ulimi, kuloŵa somba, na vyakusanguluska. Mu 2015, ŵanthu 48.6% ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi, ukavu ukaŵa ukuru comene, pafupifupi 70 peresenti.[16]

Zina

Zina lakuti "Gambia" lili kufuma ku lizgu la Mandinka lakuti Kambra/Kambaa, ilo likung'anamura Mlonga wa Gambia (panji panji kufuma ku lizgu la Serer Gamba, mtundu wapadera wa calabash uwo ŵakumenya para mulara wa Serer wafwa). Apo charu ichi chikamba kujiyimira mu 1965, chikachemekanga Gambia. Mu 1970, charu ichi chikazgoka Republic of Gambia. Boma la Yahya Jammeh likasintha zina la boma ili kuŵa Islamic Republic of Gambia mu Disembala 2015. Pa 29 January 2017 Pulezidenti Adama Barrow wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Republic of Gambia.[17][18]

Charu cha Gambia ntchimoza mwa vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili na zina la Chingelezi ilo lili na chilembo chakumanyikwa (chinyake ni Bahamas), padera pa vyaru ivyo zina lake lili mu unandi (Netherlands, Philippines) panji lili na boma (United Kingdom, Czech Republic).[19] Kweniso boma la charu ichi na mawupu ghanyake gha pa charu chose ghakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu agha. Pakwamba ŵakalemba mazgu agha cifukwa ca zina la cigaŵa ici lakuti "Mlonga wa Gambia". Mu 1964, pambere charu chindaŵe na wanangwa, nduna yikuru Dawda Jawara yikalembera kalata komiti yakuwona vya mazina gha vyaru ku Britain, na kupempha kuti zina lakuti Gambia likhalilirenge na lizgu ilo likung'anamura zina la charu ichi.[20] Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zina la Gambia.

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of the Gambia

Vyaka vya m'ma 900-1600: Ŵasilamu na Ŵapwitikizi

Ŵamalonda Ŵachiarabu ndiwo ŵakalemba nkhani yakwamba yakukhwaskana na charu cha Gambia mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 900 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Ŵasilamu awo ŵakaguliskanga vinthu na ŵasambizgi ŵakakhazikika mu malo ghanandi gha ku West Africa. Magulu ghose ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa na nthowa zakwendeskera malonda mu Sahara, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakendeskanga malonda ghakurughakuru.

Makhwiro gha malibwe gha ku Senegambia (megalites) agho ghakutora nyengo kufuma ku Senegal kuya ku Gambia ndipo UNESCO yikuyowoya kuti "ndigho ghakukwana chomene pa charu chose".

Kuzakafika mu 11 panji 12 C.E., mathemba gha maufumu nga ni Takrur (ufumu uwo ukaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Senegal), Ghana wakale, na Gao, ghakazgoka Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵakimika Ŵasilamu awo ŵakamanyanga Ciarabu kuti ŵateŵeterenge mu nyumba zawo.[21] Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, chigaŵa chikuru cha Gambia chikaŵa mu ufumu wa Mali. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakafika pa malo agha pa nyanja.

Boma la Chingelezi na la France

Mu 1588, António, Prior wa ku Crato, uyo wakakhumbanga kukhala pa ufumu wa Portugal, wakaguliska wanangwa wa malonda pa Mlonga wa Gambia ku ŵamalonda ŵa ku England. Makalata agho Fumukazi Elizabeth I yikalemba ghakakhozga fundo iyi. Mu 1618, Themba James I la ku England likazomerezga kampani yinyake ya ku England kuti yikaguliskenge vinthu ku Gambia na ku Gold Coast (uko sono ni Ghana). Pakati pa 1651 na 1661, vigaŵa vinyake vya charu cha Gambia Chirwa cha Andrew mu Mlonga wa Gambia kusazgapo Fort Jakob, na St. Chirwa cha Mary (lero ni Banjul) na Fort Jillifree ‡ vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Courland na Semigallia (lero ni Latvia), ndipo vikagulika na Karonga Jacob Kettler.[22] Mu 1664, England yikapoka malo agha.

Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na m'ma 1800, ufumu wa Britain na wa France ukalutilira kulimbana kuti uŵe na mazaza pa ndyali na malonda mu vigaŵa vya Senegal na Gambia. Ufumu wa Britain ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu cha Gambia apo ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Augustus Keppel ŵakafika ku charu ichi mu 1758. Mu 1783, pa phangano lakwamba la Versailles, Britain likapoka Mlonga wa Gambia, kweni France likalutilira kuŵa na malo ghacoko waka ku Albreda kumpoto kwa mlonga uwu. Paumaliro, charu ichi chikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1856.

Ukapolo (Vyaka vya m'ma 1700-1900)

Ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni ŵakakoleka wuzga mu chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka 300 ivyo ŵakaguliskiranga ŵazga. Tikumanya yayi unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga pa nkhondo izo zikachitika pambere malonda gha ŵazga ghandambe. Ŵanandi awo ŵakakoleka ŵakaguliskika ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanyake ŵakakoleka pa nkhondo za mafuko, ŵanyake ŵakaguliskika cifukwa ca ngongoli zambura kulipika, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakakoleka waka.[23]

Mapu gha James Island na Fort Gambia

Pakwamba, ŵamalonda ŵakatumanga ŵanthu ku Europe kuti ŵakagwirenge ntchito ya ŵateŵeti m'paka mu ma 1800, apo ntchito yikakura ku West Indies na North America. Mu 1807, boma la Britain likalekeska malonda gha ŵazga mu ufumu wake wose. Kweniso likayezgayezga kumazga malonda gha ŵazga mu Gambia, kweni vikatondeka. Ngalaŵa za ŵazga izo zikaŵa mu nyanja ya Atlantic zikaweleraso ku Gambia, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵakaŵafumiska pa cirwa ca MacCarthy uko ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵakambe umoyo uphya. Mu 1816, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakazenga msumba wa Bathurst (uno ni Banjul).

Gambia Colony and Protectorate (1821–1965)

Kazembe wa Britain, George Chardin Denton (1901-1911), na chipani cake, 1905
Wonani vinandi: Gambia Colony and Protectorate

Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, nyengo zinyake Banjul wakaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa kazembe wa Britain ku Sierra Leone. Mu 1888, charu cha Gambia chikazgoka chikaya.

Mu 1889, boma la Britain na la France ŵakakolerana kuti malo agha ghaŵe na mphaka. Mu 1891, ŵalara ŵa boma la England na France ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakachita. Gambia wakazgoka ufumu wa Britain, ndipo ukagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri. Mu 1901, charu cha Gambia chikaŵa na wupu wakulongozga na wakwimika malango. Mu 1906, ŵazga ŵakalekeskeka, ndipo pamanyuma pa nkhondo yichoko waka pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵanthu ŵa ku Gambia, boma la Britain likamba kulamulira. Mu 1919, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana pakati pa Traveling Commissioner J. K. McCallum na mwanakazi wa Wolof Fatou Khan ŵakakwiyiska boma.

Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakarwa nkhondo pamoza na ŵanyawo. Nangauli ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakarwa nkhondo mu Burma, kweni ŵanyake ŵakafwira kufupi na kukwawo. Ku Banjul kukaŵa ndege za ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, vinthu vikasintha comene. Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha mu 1962, boma la United Kingdom likapeleka wanangwa wakujiwusa yekha.[24]

Sitampu iyo yili na cithuzithuzi ca Fumukazi Elizabeth II, 1953

Pamasinda pa kujiyimira (1965-pano)

Ufumu wa ufumu na demokilase ya boma

Charu cha Gambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa 18 February 1965, ndipo chikaŵa na ufumu wa wupu wakulongozga. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, boma likacita pharazgo lakuti caru ici ciŵe caru cakucemeka republic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuzomera kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha malango gha charu ichi.

Pa Epulero 24, 1970, charu cha Gambia chikazgoka charu cha Commonwealth. Mulara wa boma Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti. Pulezidenti Dawda Jawara wakasankhikaso kankhondi.[25]

Kuyezga kupoka boma mu 1981

Pa Julayi 29, 1981, boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma. Kuyezga kupoka boma kukacitika apo purezidenti Jawara wakaluta ku London ndipo kukacitika na wupu wa National Revolutionary Council, uwo ukaŵa na Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party (SRLP) wa Kukoi Samba Sanyang na ŵantchito ŵa Field Force, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu vyalo vya nkhondo.

Pulezidenti Jawara wakapempha wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ku Senegal, uyo wakatuma ŵasilikari 400 ku Gambia pa Julayi 31. Pa Ogasiti 6, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Senegal pafupifupi 2,700 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵanjira, ndipo ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka. Ŵanthu pakati pa 500 na 800 ŵakakomeka pa nyengo ya kuwukira boma na nkhaza izo zikaŵako.[25]

Mu 1982, pamanyuma pa kuwukira boma, Senegal na Gambia ŵakasazga phangano la kuwungana. Cholinga cha mgwirizano wa Senegambia chinali kugwirizanitsa magulu a nkhondo a mayiko awiriwa ndi kugwirizanitsa chuma chawo ndi ndalama zawo. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri pera, Gambia wakafumamo mu wupu uwu mu 1989.

1994 Yahya Jammeh coup; kubwerera ku demokalase ya chisankho

Mu 1994, wupu wa Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) ukawuskapo boma la Jawara na kukanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma. Mulara Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh, mulongozgi wa AFPRC, wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Jammeh wakaŵa na vilimika 29 pera apo boma likagalukira. Boma la AFPRC likapharazga ndondomeko yakuwelera ku boma la demokilase. Wupu wakuwona vya mavoti (Independent Electoral Commission) (PIEC) ukakhazikiskika mu 1996 kuti ucitenge mavoti gha pa caru cose ndipo ukasinthika kuŵa wupu wakuwona vya mavoti (Independent Electoral Commission) (IEC) mu 1997 ndipo ukaŵa na mulimo wa kulembeska ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ndiposo wa kucita mavoti na ma referendum.

Kuumaliro wa 2001 na kukwambilira kwa 2002, ku Gambia kukachitika maungano gha purezidenti, gha ŵalara ŵa boma, na gha chigaŵa. Pulezidenti Yahya Jammeh, uyo wakasankhika kuti walutilire pa udindo uwo wakaŵa nawo pa nyengo ya vimbundi, wakalapa pa 21 December 2001. Gulu la Jammeh la Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC) likalutilira kuŵa na wanandi wa ŵanthu mu Nyumba ya Malango, comenecomene pamanyuma pakuti chipani cikuru ca United Democratic Party (UDP) ico cikususka boma, cikakana mavoti. (Kweni kufuma nyengo yira, boma ili likuchitako mavoti.)

Pa 2 Okutobala 2013, nduna ya vyalo ya Gambia yikapharazga kuti Gambia wafumengepo mu Commonwealth mwaluŵiro, ndipo ivi vyamalizga vyaka 48 ivyo wakaŵa mu wupu uwu. Boma la Gambia likati "likadumura kuti Gambia waŵengepo yayi mu wupu unyake wa vyaru viphya na kuŵapo yayi mu wupu unyake wa vyaru viphya".

Pa Disembala 11, 2015, Pulezidenti Jammeh wakapharazga kuti Gambia ni charu cha Chisilamu, ndipo wakati ni charu icho chili kutali na ufumu wa Chisilamu.

Pulezidenti Jammeh wakadumbiskana na ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani cha opposition Adamu Barrow kufuma ku Independent Coalition of Parties na Mamma Kandeh kufuma ku chipani cha Gambia Democratic Congress mu mavoti gha December 2016. Boma la Gambia likadumura kuti Ousainou Darboe uyo ni mulongozgi wa chipani chakususka na wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wakhale mu jele vyaka vitatu mu Julayi 2016.[26]

Kuthereskeka kwa Jammeh mu 2016

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha pa 1 Disembala 2016, komiti ya zisankho idalengeza kuti Adama Barrow ndiye wopambana pa chisankho cha purezidenti. Jammeh, uyo wakawusa kwa virimika 22, wakadankha kuphara kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wati watondeka pa mavoti gha mu 2016 pambere wandayowoye kuti mavoti ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito na kuchemera mavoti ghaphya. Pa 20 January 2017, Jammeh wakapharazga kuti wazomera kufumapo ndipo wafumenge mu chalo.[14]

Since 2017

Mu Janyuwale 2017, Pulezidenti Barrow wakawuskamo zina lakuti "Islamic" mu zina la Gambia.

Pa 14 February 2017, charu cha Gambia chikamba kuwelera ku Commonwealth ndipo chikapeleka chikalata chake kwa Secretary General Patricia Scotland pa 22 January 2018. Boris Johnson, uyo wakaŵa Secretary of Foreign wa ku Britain wakwamba kuchezgera charu cha Gambia kwambira apo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa mu 1965, wakapharazga kuti boma la Britain lakondwa kuti Gambia wawelere ku Commonwealth. Charu cha Gambia chikawelera ku Commonwealth pa 8 February 2018.

Pa 28 February 2018, Jaha Dukureh, uyo wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi wakasankhika kuti wapokere chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha mulimo wake wa kulimbana na kuswa viŵaro vya ŵanakazi.

Pa 4 Disembala 2021, Adama Barrow wakathereskeka pa chisankho cha purezidenti.

Pa Disembala 20, 2022, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gambia ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵanayi ŵakakakika. Ŵasilikari ŵa Gambia ŵakukana kuti pakaŵavya uyo wakayezga kutimbanizga boma.[27]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of the Gambia
Mapu gha Gambia
Mphepete mwa nyanja ya Kololi

Gambia ni caru cicoko comene ico mphaka zake zikuyana waka na Mlonga wa Gambia. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 13 na 14°N, na longitude 13 na 17°W.

Charu cha Gambia chili na usani wa makilomita 50 pa malo ghakupambanapambana. Malo pafupifupi 1,300 (11,5%) gha charu cha Gambia ghali na maji. Ni caru cicoko comene pa vyaru vya mu Africa. Kuyana na malo agha, Gambia ni mucoko comene pakuyaniska na cirwa ca Jamaica.

Charu cha Senegal chili kuzingilizga charu cha Gambia kufuma ku vigaŵa vitatu, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 80 pa nyanja ya Atlantic.

Malire agho ghalipo sono ghakaŵako mu 1889, pamanyuma pa phangano pakati pa Britain na France. Pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana pakati pa ŵa ku France na ŵa ku Britain mu Paris, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kupeleka kwa ŵa ku Britain makilomita pafupifupi 320 (200 mi) gha Mlonga wa Gambia. Kwamba na kuŵika mphaka mu 1891, pakajumpha vyaka pafupifupi 15 kufuma apo ungano wa ku Paris ukachitikira. Vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti Ŵanung'una ŵa Britain ŵambe kulamulira malo agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 16 kumpoto na kumwera kwa Mlonga wa Gambia.

Mu charu cha Gambia muli vyakumera vitatu: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, nkhorongo ya ku West Sudan, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 4.56/10 pa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index, ndipo chili pa 120 pa vyaru 172.[28]

Nyengo

Ku Gambia, nyengo yake njakuthukira. Nyengo ya vula yikuŵa yitali yayi, ndipo yikwamba mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Kweni kufuma mu Juni m'paka Meyi, maji ghakukhoma chomene. Nyengo ya ku Gambia yikuyana comene na ya ku Senegal, Mali, na kumpoto kwa Guinea.[29]

Climate data for Banjul
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.2
(99.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		40.6
(105.1) 		41.1
(106.0) 		41.1
(106.0) 		37.8
(100.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.3
(91.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		35.6
(96.1) 		41.1
(106.0)
Average high °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.0
(89.6)
Average low °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		19.9
(67.8)
Record low °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		11.7
(53.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		7.2
(45.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.5
(0.02) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.3
(0.05) 		62.7
(2.47) 		232.4
(9.15) 		346.8
(13.65) 		255.1
(10.04) 		75.8
(2.98) 		1.6
(0.06) 		0.7
(0.03) 		976.9
(38.46)
Average rainy days 0 0 0 0 0 5 14 19 16 6 0 0 60
Average relative humidity (%) 47 47 50 58 67 73 81 85 84 80 69 55 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 207.7 237.3 266.6 252.0 229.4 201.0 182.9 189.1 183.0 217.0 246.0 210.8 2,622.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.7 8.4 8.6 8.4 7.4 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.1 7.0 8.2 6.8 7.2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[30]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, humidity, and sun)[31]

Boma na ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of the Gambia
Sir Dawda Jawara
1st President (1970–1994)
Prime Minister (1962–1970)
Yahya Jammeh
2nd President (1996–2017)
Chairman of the AFPRC (1994–1996)
Adama Barrow
3rd President (2017–present)
The Arch 22 monument commemorating the 1994 coup which saw the then 29-year-old Yahya Jammeh seize power in a bloodless coup, ousting Dawda Jawara, who had been President of the Gambia since 1970[32]

Charu cha Gambia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa 18 February 1965. Kwamba mu 1965 m'paka mu 1994, charu ichi chikaŵa na vipani vinandi. Wakawusikanga na Dawda Jawara na People's Progressive Party (PPP). Ndipouli, mu nyengo iyi vinthu vikasintha yayi pa ndyali, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasuskanga yayi kuti boma liŵe na mazaza.[33] Mu 1994, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likapangika na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari likamba kuwusa. Pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri kufuma apo boma likambira kulamulira, ŵakalemba dango liphya ndipo mu 1996, mulongozgi wa AFPRC, Yahya Jammeh, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Wakalongozga mu nthowa ya wupu wakulongozga m'paka mu 2016 apo Adamu Barrow wakathereskeka na chipani cha opposition.

Mbiri ya ndale

Mu nyengo ya Jawara, pakaŵa vipani vinayi, PPP, United Party (UP), Democratic Party (DP), na I.M. Chipani cha Muslim Congress Party (MCP) cha Garba-Jahumpa. Pa maungano gha mu 1960, pakaŵa Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga ndipo pakaŵavya chipani icho chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi. Ndipouli, mu 1961, Kazembe wa Britain wakasankha Pierre Sarr N'Jie, mulongozgi wa UP kuti waŵe mulongozgi wakwamba wa boma. Ici cikaŵa cinthu cambura kutemweka comene, ndipo maungano gha mu 1962 ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa comene cifukwa vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana na visopa mu Gambia. Chipani cha PPP chikapokera chiŵelengero chikuru, ndipo chikapangika na chipani cha Democratic Congress Alliance (DCA; chisanganiko cha DP na MCP). Ŵakacemera UP kuti ŵanjire mu wupu uwu mu 1963, kweni ŵakaluta mu 1965.[34]

Gulu la UP ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kususka boma, kweni likathera mu 1965 m'paka 1970. Mu 1975, chipani cha National Convention Party (NCP) chikapangika na Sheriff Mustapha Dibba, ndipo chikazgoka chipani chiphya chakususkana na PPP. Wupu wa PPP na NCP ukaŵa wakuyana maghanoghano, ntheura mu ma 1980 chipani chiphya cha opposition chikawoneka, mu kawonekero ka chipani cha Socialist People's Democratic Organisation for Independence and Socialism (PDOIS). Ndipouli, pakati pa 1966 na 1992, chipani cha PPP cikaŵa na mazaza ghakuru comene, cikapokera mavoti 55 mpaka 70 peresenti.[35]

Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Jawara, ŵanthu ŵakakwesananga pa nkhani za ndyali. Kweni ŵakayowoya kuti mu charu ichi mukaŵa "chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose. Pa nyengo iyo boma likamba kujiyimira palekha, ŵanthu ŵakaŵavya wanangwa, ndipo magulu ghakwimikana nagho ghakaŵa ghakukhora. Ŵakususka ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kusanga ndalama, cifukwa ŵamalonda ŵakakana kuzipeleka. Boma likaŵa na mazaza pa nyengo yakupharazgira ŵanthu na kuŵapharazgira, ndipo pakaŵaso milandu ya kuguliska mavoti na kuleka kulembeska mavoti. Pa mulandu wa kuswa malango kwa boma la PDOIS mu 1991 cifukwa ca kuswa malango mu Banjul, boma likakana mulandu uwu.

Mu Julayi 1994, ŵasilikari ŵakathereska boma la Jawara. Wupu uwu ukalekeska ntchito ya malango gha charu ichi, ukazomerezga yayi vyaru vyose vya ndyali, ndipo ukaŵika dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵafumenge yayi pa nyumba kufuma mise m'paka mulenji. Mu 1996, boma likamba kusintha vinthu kuti liŵe la demokilase, ndipo ŵakalemba dango liphya, nangauli ŵakalondezga fundo izo zikamovwira Jammeh. Mu 1996, ŵanthu 70% ŵakakolerana na dango ili, ndipo mu Disembala 1996, Jammeh wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Mabungwe ghose agho ghakaŵapo pambere boma lindanjire mu boma ghakakanizgika, ndipo ŵaliska ŵakaŵakanizga kugwira ntchito za boma.

Pa nyengo iyo Jammeh wakaŵa na mazaza, ŵanthu ŵakususkana nawo ŵakambaso kugaŵikana. Mwaciyelezgero, pakaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la National Alliance for Democracy and Development (NADD) ilo likapangika mu 2005. Jammeh wakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵapolisi kusuzga ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake. Jammeh wakasoleka na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, comenecomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, mawupu gha wupu wa ŵanthu, ŵakususka ndyali, na ŵapharazgi. Ŵakatumizgika ku caru cinyake, ŵakatambuzgika, ŵakakakika mwambura mulandu, ŵakakomeka, kweniso ŵakazgeŵa. Viyelezgero vinyake ni ivyo vikachitika mu 2004, apo Deyda Hydara uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara wakakomeka. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga ŵasambizgi pa ungano wa kususka. Kweniso, Jammeh wakawofyanga wanangwa wa cisopa wa ŵanthu awo Mbacikhristu yayi, wakagwiliskiranga nchito 'ŵeruzgi ŵakugwilira nchito ŵekha' kuti watimbanizge wupu wa vyeruzgi, ndipo wakasuskika kanandi waka kuti wakasuzga pa mavoti.

Mu Disembala 2016, Jammeh wakathereskeka na Adama Barrow, uyo wakawovwirika na mabungwe ghakupambanapambana. Jammeh wakati wazomera kufumapo ndipo wakasintha maghanoghano, pakaŵa suzgo la ndyali ilo likapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ECOWAS ŵanjire mu charu mu Janyuwale 2017. Barrow wakalayizga kuti wazamulongozga boma la nyengo yitali kwa vilimika vitatu. Wupu wakuwona vya demokilase na chitukuko wa ku Nigeria ukuti masuzgo agho Barrow wakukumana nagho ghakukhumbikwira kuwezgerapo "kugomezga kwa ŵanthu mu boma". Ŵakuyowoya kuti "mtende ngwakukhazika" ndipo mu vyaru vya kumwera muli masuzgo pakati pa ŵalimi na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵakaphalirangaso za masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo pakati pa mafuko. Mwachiyelezgero, mu Febuluwale 2017, ŵanthu 51 awo ŵakakolerananga na Jammeh ŵakakakika chifukwa cha kutambuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Barrow. Nangauli pakwamba ŵanthu ŵakakondwa chomene na ivyo Barrow wakachita pakusankha pulezidenti, kweni ŵakakondwa yayi chifukwa cha ivyo wakachita apo wakaŵa wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti.

Pa 5 Disembala, 2021, Purezidenti wakale Adamu Barrow adalengezedwa ngati wopambana pa chisankho cha purezidenti wa Gambia ndi komiti yosankha. Chisankho cha pa 4 Disembala 2021, chakwamba kufuma apo uyo wakalamuliranga kale Yahya Jammeh wakachimbilira ku charu chinyake, chikawonekanga kuti ntchakukhumbikwa chomene ku demokilase.[36]

Buku la amalango

Mu vyaka vyose ivyo vyajumpha, charu cha Gambia chili na malango ghanandi. Malamulo ghaŵiri ghakuzirwa chomene ni dango la 1970 ilo likakhazikiska charu cha Gambia nga ni boma la pulezidenti, na dango la 1996 ilo likawovwira Jammeh kuwusa. Jammeh wakasintha malango gha mu 1996 kuti wawovwirepo. Pakaŵavya mazgu ghakuti nyengo iyo Jammeh wazamwambira kuwusa yizamukhalako nyengo yitali. Kuyana na dango la boma la mu 1996, pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulara wa boma, mulara wa boma, ndiposo mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari. Jammeh na Barrow nawo ŵali na udindo wa Minisita wa vya Vyankhondo.[37]

Ulongozgi

Pulezidenti wakusora wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti na nduna za boma. Mu 1970, boma likalekeska mulimo wa kuŵa nduna yikuru. Mulongozgi wa boma ndiyo wali na mazaza ghose. Kweniso wangimika ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malango, ŵeruzgi ŵa makhoti ghapachanya, ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa, na ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa. Pa nkhani ya uteŵeti wa boma, wangimika Komiti ya Uteŵeti wa Wupu Wakulongozga, ombudsman, na Independent Electoral Commission. Pulezidenti wakusankhika mwaluŵiro kuti waŵepo vyaka vinkhondi. Palije mphaka.[37] Ndondomeko ya malango yikunozgekerathu kufuma mu 2018 ndipo ŵakukhazga kuti nyengo ya mavoti yiŵenge yiŵiri kweniso kuti vinthu visinthenge.

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of the Gambia
Yahya Jammeh na Mrs. Zeinab Jammeh pamoza na Barack na Michelle Obama mu White House, August 2014

Boma la Gambia likalondezganga fundo ya kuleka kujipatura ku vyaru vinyake mu nyengo yose iyo Pulezidenti Jawara wakaŵira pa udindo wake. Likalutilira kukolerana na Britain, Senegal, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Nkhondo ya boma iyo yikacitika mu Julayi 1994 yikananga ubwezi wa Gambia na vyaru vya ku Western, comenecomene United States, iyo m'paka mu 2002, yikakanizga wovwiri wa ŵanthu wose mwakuyana na Section 508 of the Foreign Assistance Act. Pamasinda pa 1995, Pulezidenti Jammeh wakambiska ubwezi na vyaru vinyake vinandi, kusazgapo Libya (iyo yikamara mu 2010), na Cuba. Boma la China likadumura ubwezi na charu cha Gambia mu 1995 pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chakhazikiska ubwezi na charu cha Taiwan.[38]

Pakuŵa ciŵaro ca wupu wa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), charu ca Gambia cacitapo kanthu pa mulimo wa wupu uwu wa kumazga nkhondo za cikaya mu Liberia na Sierra Leone ndipo capeleka ŵasilikari ku wupu wa ECOMOG mu 1990 na ECOMIL mu 2003. Mu Novembala 2019, charu cha Gambia chikapeleka mulandu ku boma la Myanmar ku The Hague, chifukwa cha kususka ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi.

Pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Yahya Jammeh, charu cha Gambia chikapelekaso wovwiri ku ŵakugaluka ŵa MFDC ku Casamance kumwera kwa Senegal. Nkharo ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu yikalutilira kuhenipa ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika pakati pa boma la United States na la Gambia.

Gambia wakafumamo mu Commonwealth pa Okutobala 3, 2013, ndipo boma likati "likaghanaghana kuti Gambia waŵengepo yayi mu wupu uliwose wa vyaru viphya ndipo waŵengepo yayi mu wupu uliwose uwo ukuyana na vyaru vinyake". Mu muwuso wa purezidenti muphya, charu cha Gambia chikamba kuwelera ku wupu wa Commonwealth na wovwiri wa boma la Britain, ndipo pa 22 January 2018 chikapeleka fomu yake ya kuwelera ku Commonwealth kwa Secretary General Patricia Scotland.[39][40]

Gambia wakawelera ku malo ghake nga ni republic mu Commonwealth pa 8 February 2018.

Mndandanda wa mamembala gha bungwe ghapacharu chose

Ŵankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Gambia Armed Forces
U.S. AFRICOM commander Carter Ham and senior Gambian Army officer Masaneh Kinteh surveying the troops, 21 July 2011

Gulu la ŵasilikari la Gambia (GAF) likapangika mu chaka cha 1985 nga ni ndondomeko ya Senegambia Confederation, umoza wa ndyali pakati pa Gambia na Senegal. Gulu ili likaŵa la Gambia National Army (GNA), ilo likasambizgika na ŵa ku Britain, na la Gambia National Gendarmerie (GNG), ilo likasambizgika na ŵa ku Senegal. GNG yikasazgikana na ŵapolisi mu 1992, ndipo mu 1997 Jammeh wakapangiska Gambian Navy (GN). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kuti ŵaŵe na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gambia kweni ŵakatondeka. Mu 2008, Jammeh wakambiska gulu la National Republican Guard, ilo lili na ŵasilikari ŵapadera. Gulu la GNA lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 900. Likagwiliskiranga nchito magalimoto gha Ferret na M8 Greyhound. Gulu la GN lili na maboti ghakuvikilira, ndipo Taiwan likapeleka maboti ghanyake ghaphya ku ŵasilikari mu 2013.

Kufuma waka apo ŵasilikari ŵa GAF ŵakakhazikiskikira mu 1985,[43] ŵakawovwirapo pa ntchito za UN na African Union. Wakapika udindo wa kuŵika mtende pa malo ghaŵiri ndipo wupu wa Center on International Cooperation ukati ni charu icho chikulongozga pa vya mtende. Likatumizga ŵasilikari ku Liberia mu 1990 mpaka 1991, apo ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Gambia ŵakakomeka. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, boma ili lapeleka ŵasilikari ku ECOMIL, UNMIL, na UNAMID. Kuwusa kwa ŵasilikari kuli mu mawoko gha pulezidenti kwambira apo Jammeh wakapokera mazaza pa boma mu 1994 apo wakapangiska kuti ŵasilikari ŵathereske ŵanthu. Jammeh wakapangaso udindo wa Chief of the Defence Staff, uyo ni mulara wa ŵasilikari uyo wakwendeska milimo ya zuŵa na zuŵa ya ŵasilikari ŵa Gambia. Pakati pa 1958 na 1985, caru ca Gambia cikaŵavya ŵasilikari, kweni Gambia Field Force yikaŵa cigaŵa ca ŵapolisi. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Gambia likamba mu 1901 m'paka 1958, ndipo likarwa Nkhondo Yakwamba na Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose. Mu 2017, charu cha Gambia chikalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.

Wupu wa vya nkhondo wa Gambia uli na mapangano ghanandi ghakupeleka vinthu na masambiro ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1992, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Nigeria ŵakawovwira kulongozga GNA. Pakati pa 1991 na 2005, ŵasilikari ŵa Turkey ŵakawovwira kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵa ku Gambia. Kweniso ku Gibraltar kukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain na United States.

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Wonaniso: Human rights in the Gambia

Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa caru cose ukati, pafupifupi 78.3% ya ŵasungwana na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Gambia ŵali kupwetekeka. Kucita vinthu vya kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵa mtundu unyake ni kwaukazuzi, ndipo munthu wangakakika umoyo wake wose.

Mabungwe ghakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakugomezga kuti mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Daily Observer, Ebrima Manneh, ŵakamukora mu Julayi 2006 ndipo ŵakamujalira mu jele. Manneh wakakakika na wupu wa National Intelligence Agency wa ku Gambia pamanyuma pakuti wakayezga kupulinta lipoti la BBC ilo likasuskanga pulezidenti Yahya Jammeh. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukuwona kuti ni kayidi wa njuŵi ndipo ukamuzunura kuti ni "mulandu wakuzirwa comene" mu 2011. Mu 2019 nyuzipepala ya ku Gambia ya The Trumpet yikati Manneh wakafwa mu ukayidi pakati pa chaka cha 2008.[44][45]

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Local government areas of the Gambia
Local government areas of the Gambia

Charu cha Gambia chili na vigaŵa 8 vya boma, kusazgapo msumba wa Banjul. Chigaŵa cha Gambia chikapangika na Independent Electoral Commission kuyana na ndime 192 ya Constitution ya chalo.[46]

Administrative divisions
Zina Malo (km2) Population Census 2003 Population Census 2013
(provisional)		 Capital Number
of
Districts
Banjul (capital city) 12.2 35,061 31,301 Banjul 3
Kanifing 75.6 322,735 382,096 Kanifing 1
Brikama
(formerly Western) 		1,764.3 389,594 699,704 Brikama 9
Mansa Konko
(formerly Lower River) 		1,628.0 72,167 82,381 Mansakonko 6
Kerewan
(formerly North Bank) 		2,255.5 172,835 221,054 Kerewan 7
Kuntaur
(formerly the western half
of Central River Division) 		1,466.5 78,491 99,108 Kuntaur 5
Janjanbureh
(formerly the eastern half
of Central River Division) 		1,427.8 107,212 126,910 Janjanbureh 5
Basse
(formerly Upper River) 		2,069.5 182,586 239,916 Basse Santa Su 7
Total Gambia 10,689 1,360,681 1,882,450 Banjul 43

Mu 2013, vigaŵa vya boma vyagaŵika mu vigaŵa 43. Mu vigaŵa ivi, Kanifing na Kombo Saint Mary (ivyo vili na msumba ukuru wa Brikama pamoza na chigaŵa cha boma la Brikama) ni vigaŵa vya Greater Banjul.[47]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of the Gambia
A proportional representation of The Gambia exports, 2019
Tourists in Gambia, 2014
GDP per capita development in Senegal and Gambia

Charu cha Gambia chili na chuma chakukhora, icho chikuthemba pa msika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakuthemba chomene mphonje za mu charu ichi kuti ŵasange ndalama zakwendeskera malonda.

Banki ya Charu chose yikati GDP ya Gambia mu 2018 yikaŵa US$1,624M; International Monetary Fund yikati yikaŵa US$977M mu 2011.

Kwambira mu 2006 m'paka 2012, chuma cha Gambia chikakuranga chaka chilichose pa mlingo wa 5~6% ya GDP.[48]

Vyaru vikupangiska pafupifupi 30% ya GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ndipo vikugwira nchito pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu. Mu vyaru vinyake, vyakumera vikupanga 6.9% ya GDP, vyakurya vinyake 8.3%, viŵeto 5.3%, somba 1.8%, na makuni 0.5%. Makampani ghakuzenga ghakugwirapo nchito pafupifupi 8% ya GDP, ndipo maofesi ghakupeleka pafupifupi 58%. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya vyakurya vikupangika mu vyaru vya vyakurya (nga ni vyakurya vya mu vyakumera, vyakupangira buledi, vyakupangira moŵa, na vyakupangira makuni). Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakupanga ni sopo, vyakumwa vyakunowa, na vyakuvwara.

Pakwamba [mphawuli?], caru ca United Kingdom na EU vikaŵa misika yikuru ya Gambia. Ndipouli, mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, Senegal, United States, na Japan ŵaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa Gambia. Ku Africa, mu 2007, Senegal ndiyo yikaŵa yikulu comene mu vyamalonda ya Gambia, ico cikupambana comene na vyaka vyakumasinda apo Guinea-Bissau na Ghana vikaŵa vyamalonda vyakuzirwa comene. Pa caru cose capasi, Denmark, United States, na China ni vyaru vyakuzirwa ivyo vikuguliska vinthu vya ku Gambia. Vyaru vya UK, Germany, Ivory Coast, na Netherlands navyo vikuguliska vinthu vinandi ku Gambia. Mu 2007, Gambia yikaŵa na suzgo la malonda la $331 miliyoni.

Mu Meyi 2009, mu Gambia mukaŵa mabanki 12 gha malonda, kusazgapo banki yimoza ya Chisilamu. Banki yakale comene njakuti Standard Chartered Bank, ndipo yikamba mu 1894 apo yikazgoka Bank of British West Africa. Mu 2005, International Commercial Bank, wupu wa banki uwo uli ku Switzerland, ukambiska kampani yinyake ndipo pasono uli na maofesi ghanayi mu charu ichi. Mu 2007, Banki yaku Nigeria Access Bank yikambiska kampani yinyake iyo pasono yili na maofesi ghanayi mu charu ichi, kusazgapo ofesi yake yikuru. Banki iyi yikalayizga kuti yizamujura ghanyake ghanayi. Mu Meyi 2009, Lebanese Canadian Bank yikajura kampani yinyake yakuchemeka Prime Bank.

Kwambira mu 2017, China yikugwiliskira nchito ndalama mu Gambia nga ni cigaŵa ca ndondomeko ya "Belt and Road Initiative". Chinthu chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakuchita mu charu cha Gambia nkhupharazga somba izo zikukoreka mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na umo vyakurya ivi vikupangiskira kuti visomba visuzgike.[49]

  • Serekunda market
    Serekunda market
  • Brightly painted fishing boats are common in Bakau
    Brightly painted fishing boats are common in Bakau
  • The Gambia's wildlife, like this green monkey, attracts tourists
    The Gambia's wildlife, like this green monkey, attracts tourists

Vinthu Vyakwendeskeka

Nkhani ikulu: Transport in the Gambia
A road in Gambia, 2007.
The Banjul ferry.

Mu charu cha Gambia, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa misewu (ya pa msewu na iyo njambura msewu), maji, na ndege. Msewu wa Trans-Gambia Highway ukujumpha mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Gambia. Mlonga uwu mungambuka pa boti panji pa mlatho wa Senegambia. Mu caru ici mulije njanji.

Misewu ya mu caru ici yili na utali wa makilomita 3,742, ndipo makilomita 723 pera ndigho ghali na misewu.

Charu ichi chili na misewu ya maji ya mtunda wa makilomita 390.

Malo ghekha ghakukwelera ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake mu charu ichi ni Banjul International Airport ku Yundum, agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 26.[50]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of the Gambia
Population pyramid
Population
in The Gambia[51][52]
Year Million
1950 0.27
2000 1.2
2021 2.6

Mu 2011, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni ghakurughakuru chikaŵa 57.3%. Pa kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakamanya kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni na ku mizi chikusendelera apo chiŵelengero chikukwera. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Gambia ŵakukumana na mitheto ya ku Western chifukwa cha kusama mu matawuni, vinthu vyakusintha, na kuzgoka ŵanthu ŵaphya, kweni kawonekero ka vyakuvwara na viphikiro vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Gambia, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira chomene vya mbumba, vikulutilira kuŵa vyakuzirwa pa umoyo wawo.

Lipoti la United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) la 2010 la Human Development Report likuŵika charu cha Gambia pa malo 151 pa vyaru 169 pa Human Development Index, ndipo charu ichi chili mu gulu la "Low Human Development". Nambara iyi yikupambana na vyaka ivyo munthu wakukhala, vyaka ivyo wasambira sukulu, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakuguliska, na vinyake.

Chiŵelengero cha ŵanakazi awo ŵakubaba ŵana chikaŵa 3.98 pa mwanakazi waliyose mu 2013.[53]

Ethnic groups

Ethnic Groups in the Gambia
Ethnic Groups percent
Mandinka
 
 34.4%
Fula
 
 30.1%
Wolof
 
 10.8%
Jola
 
 8.5%
Sarahule
 
 8.2%
Serere
 
 3.1%
Aku Marabou
 
 0.5%
Mangajo
 
 1.9%
Bambara
 
 1.3%
Other
 
 1.5%

Ku Gambia kuli mafuko ghakupambanapambana, ndipo waliyose wakuyowoya ciyowoyero cake na maluso ghake. Mtundu wa Mandinka ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene, ndipo ukulondezgeka na Fula, Wolof, Jola/Karoninka, Serahule/Jahanka, Serers, Manjago, Bambara, Aku Marabou, Bainunka na ŵanyake nga ni Tukulor. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Krio, awo ŵakumanyikwa na zina lakuti Akus, mbanthu ŵachoko chomene mu Gambia. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Creole ndipo ŵakukhala mu msumba ukuru wa Sierra Leone.

Pa ŵanthu 3,500 awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵali kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe mba ku Britain, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakafumako ku Britain ŵakati ŵajiyimira ŵekha.[54]

Languages

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of the Gambia

Cingelezi ni ciyowoyero ca boma mu Gambia, ntheura cikugwiliskirika nchito pa milimo ya boma ndiposo pa masambiro. Viyowoyero vinyake ni Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, Serer, Soninke, Krio, Jola, na viyowoyero vinyake. Cifukwa ca malo agho caru ici cili, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci.

Chiyowoyero cha Mandinka chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu 38%, Chipulaya na ŵanthu 21%, Chiwolophu na ŵanthu 18%, Soninke na ŵanthu 9%, Jola na ŵanthu 4.5%, Serer na ŵanthu 2.4%, Manjak na Bainouk na ŵanthu 1.6%, Chiportuguese Creole na ŵanthu 1%, na Chingelezi na ŵanthu 0.5%. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵakumangwa makutu ŵakuyowoya Chiyowoyero cha Mawoko cha ku Gambia.[55]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in the Gambia
Classroom at Armitage High School

Dango la caru la Gambia likukanizga yayi masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama na vinthu vinyake vyakovwira pa masambiro, mulimo uwu ngwakusuzga. Mu 1995, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga ku sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 77.1% ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga ku sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 64.7%. Ŵasungwana ndiwo ŵali na ciŵelengero ca ŵana ŵa sukulu 52%. Ŵana ŵasungwana awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ndiwo ŵakuŵa na suzgo ili. Pafupifupi ŵana 20 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakuya ku sukulu ŵakusambira mu masukulu gha Koran.

International Open University (paka January 2020 yakuchemeka Islamic Online University), sukulu ya masambiro ghapachanya iyo yili na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 435,000 ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakujumpha 250 pa charu chose, yili na ofesi yake yikuru ku Gambia.[56]

Health

Nkhani ikulu: Health in the Gambia

Religion

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in the Gambia
Bundung mosque is one of the largest mosques in Serekunda
Religions in the Gambia[57]
Religions Percent
Islam
 
 95.8%
Christianity
 
 4.1%
Other
 
 0.1%

Pafupifupi 96% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakuŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa Sunni, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo mba Maliki. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbakhristu. Ndime 25 ya dango ili yikuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa kusopa chisopa chilichose icho ŵakukhumba.[58][59]

Islam

Pafupifupi malonda ghose mu Gambia ghakumara pa nyengo ya maholide ghakuru gha Chisilamu, nga ni Eid al-Adha na Eid ul-Fitr. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ku Gambia ŵakulondezga chisambizgo cha Maliki. Kweniso gulu la Ahmadiyya likusangika chomene mu charu ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Shiite ŵali mu charu cha Gambia, chomenechomene chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon na Ŵaarabu awo ŵakiza ku chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanandi awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Asia, Mbasilamu.[59]

Christianity

Ŵakhristu ŵalipo pafupifupi 4 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa charu cha Gambia, Mbakhristu. Kweni paliso magulu ghacoko waka gha Cikhristu, nga ni Anglican, Methodist, Baptist, Seventh-day Adventist, Ŵakaboni ŵa Yehova, na magulu ghacoko waka gha Cikhristu.[59]

Traditional religions

Tikumanya yayi usange ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulutilira kugomezga visambizgo vyawo nga ni visambizgo vya cisopa ca Serer. Chisopa cha Serer chikusazgapo kusanda vinthu vya mu mlengalenga na kugomezga kuti kuli chiuta mukuru uyo wakuchemeka Roog. Vikondwelero vinyake vya cisopa ni Xooy, Mbosseh, na Randou Rande. Caka cilicose, ŵanthu ŵa cisopa ca Serer ŵakuluta ku Sine, Senegal, kukacita ciphikiro ca kuwukwa kwa Xooy. Chisopa cha Serer chikukhwaskaso chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegambia, chifukwa viphikiro vyawo nga ni "Tobaski", "Gamo", "Koriteh" na "Weri Kor" vili na mazina agho ghakulongora kuti ni viphikiro vya kale chomene.

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Jola ŵali na mitheto yawo, nga umo viliri na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Serer.[60]

Other religions

Cifukwa ca ciŵelengero cicoko ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku South Asia, Ŵahindu na ŵalondezgi ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í nawo ŵalipo.[59]

Mwambo

Mama wachilala wa ku Gambia
Drummers at a wrestling match

Nangauli charu cha Gambia ntchichoko chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵali na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Malire gha caru ghakukolerana na Mlonga wa Gambia, uwo ngwakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa caru ici. Pakuti charu cha Gambia chilije mphaka, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko ghakupambanapambana ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, comenecomene mu Senegal.

Kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska malonda gha ŵazga ku Gambia, chifukwa mu Mlonga wa Gambia ndimo mukendanga ŵanthu. (Ici cikapangiskaso kuti malonda gha vinyama ghaleke kwendera malango gha boma mu ma 1800.) Nkhani iyi yikayowoyeka mu buku la Alex Haley lakuti Roots.[61]

Sumo

Wonani vinandi: Music of the Gambia

Sumu ya ku Gambia yikukolerana comene na ya ku Senegal. Mu sumu iyi mukuŵa sumu na kuvina kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Western, pamoza na sumu ya Sabar, sumu ya ŵanthu ŵa Wolof na Serer ŵa ku Senegal.[62]

Kuphika

Nkhani ikulu: Gambian cuisine

Mu vyakurya vya ku Gambia muli mphangwe, mpunga, somba, nyama, anyezi, tomato, cassava, chili peppers, na oyster. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakutemwa chomene vyakurya vya yassa na domoda..[63]

Literature

Nkhani ikulu: Gambian literature

Nga ni vyaru vinyake vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, Gambia nayo wali na mitheto ya kulemba mabuku, kusazgapo ma griots, ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kuyowoya nkhani na ŵakwimba. Kwamba m'ma 1960, mabuku gha Chingelezi gha mu Gambia ghafuma. Lenrie Peters wakuwoneka kuti ndiyo wakambiska mabuku agha, apo ŵalembi ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa ni Tijan Sallah, Nana Grey-Johnson na Mariama Khan.[64][65]

Wayilesi

Awo ŵakususka boma ŵakuti likujandizga wanangwa wa kuyowoya. Dango la mu 2002 likapangiska kuti paŵe wupu uwo uli na mazaza gha kupeleka malaisensi na kukaka ŵapharazgi; mu 2004, malango ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵakakike chifukwa cha kusesa na kunyoza, ndipo likakanizga malaisensi ghose ghakusindikizga na kuthuwuska nkhani, ndipo ivi vikapangiska magulu gha vyakupharazga kuti ghalembeskeso pa mtengo wakukwana kankhondi pa mtengo uwo ghakalipira pakwamba.[66][67]

Ŵapharazgi ŵatatu ŵa ku Gambia ŵakakakika kufuma apo boma likayezgera kuwukira boma. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kususka ndondomeko ya boma yakukhwaskana na vya cuma, panji cifukwa ca kuyowoya kuti uyo wakacitiska ciŵembu wakaŵa nduna ya mukati na mulara wa ŵapolisi. Mulembi wa nyuzipepara Deyda Hydara wakakomeka na vilwero vyambura kupulikikwa, pati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka kufuma apo dango la mu 2004 likambira kugwira nchito.

Malipiro gha nyuzipepara na mawayilesi ngakukwera chomene, ndipo boma likuŵa na mazaza pa mawayilesi agho ghakupharazga pa charu chose.

Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders (Ŵapharazgi Ŵambura Mphepete mwa Malire) walemba kuti boma la ŵapolisi la Pulezidenti Yahya Jammeh likuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵakukoma ŵanthu, kuŵawotcha, kuŵakaka kwambura mulandu, na kuŵachimbizga.

Mu Disembala 2010, khoti la ECOWAS ku Abuja, Nigeria likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 200,000 kwa Musa Saidykhan, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya The Independent. Khoti likasanga kuti boma la Gambia lili na mulandu wa kutambuzga apo wakaŵa mu jele kwambura kweruzgika ku National Intelligence Agency. Vikuwoneka kuti ŵakamukayikiranga kuti wakamanyanga vya kuwukira boma uko kukacitika mu 2006.[68]

Maseŵera

Nga umo viliri mu charu cha Senegal, maseŵero ghakumanyikwa chomene ku Gambia ni nkhonya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola na basketball. Mpira wa ku Gambia ukwendeskeka na wupu wa Gambia Football Federation, uwo uli ku FIFA na CAF. GFA ikugwira ntchito mu mpira wa mpira ku Gambia, kuphatikizapo gulu lapamwamba la GFA League First Division, komanso gulu la mpira wa Gambia. Gulu la chalo ili likuchemeka "The Scorpions" ndipo lindasankhikepo ku FIFA World Cup, kweni likasankhika ku Africa Cup of Nations pa chigaŵa cha senior kwa nyengo yakwamba mu 2021. Ŵakaseŵera pa sitediyamu ya Independence. Charu cha Gambia chikapoka viphalizgano viŵiri vya CAF U-17 umoza mu chaka cha 2005 apo chalo ichi chikapokeleranga, ndipo mu chaka cha 2009 mu charu cha Algeria. Wupu wa U-20 nawo ukaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuseŵera pa maseŵera gha FIFA U-20 mu chaka cha 2007. Gulu la ŵanakazi la U-17 likagwiraso nchito pa mpikisano wa FIFA U-17 World Cup 2012 ku Azerbaijan.

Chalo cha Gambia chili na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018-2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume.[69]

Wonaniso

Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').

Mazgo ghakulongosoleka

  1. ↑ Mandinka: Kambiya ߞߊߡߓߌߦߊ, Template:Lang-wo, Fula: Gammbi, Template:Lang-srr, Arabic: غامبيا

Ukaboni

Mazgo ghakuyowoyeka

  1. ↑ National Population Commission Secretariat (30 Epulelo 2005). "2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution" (PDF). Gambia Bureau of Statistics. The Republic of The Gambia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 Janyuwale 2018. Retrieved 29 Disembala 2017.
  2. ↑ "Gambia, The". Central Intelligence Agency. 28 Febuluwale 2023 – via CIA.gov.
  3. ↑ "Gambia The". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Okutobala 2022. Retrieved 11 Okutobala 2022.
  5. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 21 Epulelo 2018. Retrieved 21 Epulelo 2018.
  6. ↑ Human Development Report 2021-22: Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 Sekutembala 2022. pp. 272–276. ISBN 978-9-211-26451-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 Sekutembala 2022. Retrieved 8 Sekutembala 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Nations, United. "Member States". United Nations.
  8. ↑ Hoare, Ben. (2002) The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia, Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
  9. ↑ "Banjul | national capital, The Gambia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 Epulelo 2020.
  10. ↑ "Population of Cities in Gambia 2023". worldpopulationreview.com.
  11. ↑ Hughes, Arnold (2008) Historical Dictionary of the Gambia. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. ISBN 0810862603.
  12. ↑ Wiseman, John A. (2004) Africa South of the Sahara 2004 (33rd edition): The Gambia: Recent History, Europa Publications Ltd. p. 456.
  13. ↑ Maclean, Ruth (21 Janyuwale 2017). "Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule". The Guardian (in British English). ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 16 Meyi 2017. Retrieved 17 Meyi 2017.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down". Al Jazeera. 20 Janyuwale 2017. Archived from the original on 21 Janyuwale 2017. Retrieved 21 Janyuwale 2017.
  15. ↑ Ramsay, Stuart (22 Janyuwale 2017). "Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile" (in English). Sky News. Archived from the original on 23 Janyuwale 2017. Retrieved 23 Janyuwale 2017.
  16. ↑ "The Gambia overview". World Bank. Archived from the original on 5 Julayi 2018. Retrieved 5 Julayi 2018.
  17. ↑ Adegun, Aanu (29 Janyuwale 2017). "Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name". Naij (in American English). Archived from the original on 29 Janyuwale 2017. Retrieved 31 Janyuwale 2017.
  18. ↑ "The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms". Al Jazeera. 28 Janyuwale 2017. Archived from the original on 31 Janyuwale 2017. Retrieved 31 Janyuwale 2017.
  19. ↑ Geoghegan, Tom (7 Juni 2012). "Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'?". BBC News (in British English). Retrieved 23 Febuluwale 2023. [A]ccording to several authoritative sources, such as the CIA World Factbook, the Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World and the US Department of State, only two countries, The Bahamas and The Gambia, should officially be referred to with the article.
  20. ↑ Alfa Shaban, Abdur Rahman (19 Janyuwale 2017). "Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia". Africa News. Archived from the original on 11 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 28 Novembala 2020.
  21. ↑ Easton P (1999) "Education and Koranic Literacy in West Africa" Archived 20 Disembala 2016 at the Wayback Machine. IK Notes on Indigenous Knowledge and Practices, n° 11, World Bank Group. pp. 1–4
  22. ↑ Yevstratyev, O (2018). "Chronological Dating of the Duchy of Courland's Colonial Policy" (PDF). Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls. 3: 34–72. doi:10.22364/lviz.108.02. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 Febuluwale 2019. Retrieved 22 Febuluwale 2019.
  23. ↑ Park, Mungo Travels in the Interior of Africa v. II, Chapter XXII – War and Slavery Archived 24 Sekutembala 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ↑ Gambia Business Law Handbook. Vol. 1: Strategic Information and Basic Laws. International Business Publication. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4387-6988-2.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia
  26. ↑ "Gambia: Prison sentences for opposition leaders continues downward spiral for human rights". Amnesty International. 20 Julayi 2016. Archived from the original on 26 Okutobala 2016. Retrieved 29 Novembala 2016.
  27. ↑ "Gambia coup attempt foiled – government". BBC News (in British English). 21 Disembala 2022. Retrieved 21 Disembala 2022.
  28. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  29. ↑ Hayward, Derek; J. S. Oguntoyinbo (1987). Climatology of West Africa. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-389-20721-4.
  30. ↑ "World Weather Information Service – Banjul". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 10 Juni 2016.
  31. ↑ "Klimatafel von Banjul-Yundum (Flugh.) / Gambia" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 10 Juni 2016.
  32. ↑ "In Gambia, New Coup Follows Old Pattern". The New York Times. 28 Ogasiti 1994. Archived from the original on 26 Disembala 2016. Retrieved 13 Febuluwale 2017.
  33. ↑ Edie, p. 162
  34. ↑ Edie, pp. 162–164
  35. ↑ Edie, p. 165
  36. ↑ "Incumbent Barrow declared winner of Gambia's presidential vote as opposition cries foul". France 24 (in English). 5 Disembala 2021.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "The Gambia: Country Focus" (PDF). European Asylum Support Office. Disembala 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 Juni 2018.
  38. ↑ Wong, Chun Han (17 Malichi 2016). "Beijing Resumes Formal Ties With Gambia, in Signal to Taipei". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 19 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 19 Malichi 2016.
  39. ↑ "The Gambia: UK 'very pleased' about Commonwealth return". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 Julayi 2018. Retrieved 22 Juni 2018.
  40. ↑ "The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth" (Media Release). The Commonwealth. 23 Janyuwale 2018. Archived from the original on 24 Janyuwale 2018. Retrieved 24 Janyuwale 2018.
  41. ↑ "Member States". OIC. Archived from the original on 9 Juni 2017. Retrieved 31 Okutobala 2017.
  42. ↑ "Member States". African Union. Archived from the original on 7 Novembala 2017. Retrieved 31 Okutobala 2017.
  43. ↑ Bellamy, Alex J. and Williams, Paul D. (2013) Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions. Oxford University Press, p. 30. ISBN 0199672822.
  44. ↑ "Gambia: Missing editor died in detention in 2008 after mistreatment | Reporters without borders". RSF (in English). 22 Malichi 2019. Archived from the original on 21 Epulelo 2020. Retrieved 12 Sekutembala 2019.
  45. ↑ Ceesay, Fabakary B. (19 Malichi 2019). "Journalist Manneh Died On Road To Diabugu Hospital". The Trumpet (in American English). Archived from the original on 1 Ogasiti 2020. Retrieved 12 Sekutembala 2019.
  46. ↑ "Gambia, The". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 30 Meyi 2007. (Archived 2007 edition)
  47. ↑ Law, Gwillim (19 Epulelo 2006). "Divisions of Gambia". Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids"). Archived from the original on 4 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 29 Sekutembala 2006.
  48. ↑ Fadera, Hatab (23 April 2012) "Gambia to commence rail system in 2013:- Discloses President Jammeh, as he opens parliament", The Daily Observer (23 April 2012).
  49. ↑ "Fish Farming is Feeding the Globe. What's the Cost for Locals?". The New Yorker. 26 Febuluwale 2021.
  50. ↑ "Yundum". Britannica Online encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 Epulelo 2012. Retrieved 10 Ogasiti 2012.
  51. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  52. ↑ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 Julayi 2022.
  53. ↑ "TOTAL FERTILITY RATE". CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 28 Okutobala 2009. Retrieved 13 Okutobala 2013.
  54. ↑ "Background note: The Gambia" . U.S. Department of State (October 2008).Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  55. ↑ Gambia. Ethnologue 24, 2021
  56. ↑ Admini. "Islamic Online University Signs Agreement with FBC". ayvnewspaper.com (in British English). Archived from the original on 23 Sekutembala 2019. Retrieved 11 Epulelo 2019.
  57. ↑ "The Gambia: Demographic and Health Survey, 2013" (PDF). Gambia Bureau of Statistics. p. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 Disembala 2016. Retrieved 25 Epulelo 2018.
  58. ↑ "CHAPTER IV – PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS". Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia. 1997. Archived from the original on 12 Disembala 2008. Retrieved 14 Janyuwale 2009. 25. Freedom of speech, conscience, assembly, association and movement
    (1) Every person shall have the right to – [...] (c) freedom to practice any religion and to manifest such practice;
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 "Gambia, The". International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 14 Sekutembala 2007. Retrieved 14 Janyuwale 2009.
  60. ↑ Diouf, Niokhobaye (1972). "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". Bulletin de l'IFAN. 34B (4): 706–7, 713–14.
  61. ↑ "Roots revival: how does the new Kunta Kinte compare to the classic?". the Guardian (in English). 8 Febuluwale 2017. Retrieved 30 Meyi 2020.
  62. ↑ "FolkWorld #71: Africa". www.folkworld.eu. Retrieved 30 Meyi 2020.
  63. ↑ "Traditional food and drink in the Gambia". www.gambia.co.uk (in British English). Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2018. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2018.
  64. ↑ Perfect, David (2016). "Literature". Historical dictionary of the Gambia (Fifth ed.). Lanham, Maryland. pp. 302–303. ISBN 9781442265264.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  65. ↑ Sallah, Tijan M. (2021). Saani baat: aspects of African literature and culture (Senegambian and other African essays). Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-5690269-8-4.
  66. ↑ "Country profile: The Gambia". BBC News website. Archived from the original on 23 Novembala 2008. Retrieved 16 Okutobala 2008.
  67. ↑ "President tightens media laws in The Gambia". Mail & Guardian. 11 Meyi 2005. Archived from the original on 19 Febuluwale 2008. Retrieved 16 Okutobala 2008.
  68. ↑ "The Gambia | Countries | Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". collection.cooperhewitt.org. Retrieved 30 Meyi 2020.
  69. ↑ "Continental Cup Finals start in Africa". FIVB. 22 Juni 2021. Retrieved 7 Ogasiti 2021.

Works cited

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Boma

Vyakulemba mwakudumula

Ŵalendo

Malonda

Template:Gambia topics

Kufuma ku "https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gambia&oldid=111659"