Mu'tazilah
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Mu'tazilah (A-la-pek-gí: المعتزلة; Eng-gí: Mu'tazila) sī it-ê I-su-lân thoân-thé, chhut-hiān chāi chá-kî ê I-su-lân le̍k-sú siōng, í chāi tē-3 khalifah Uthman kòe-sin āu chāi Ali ú tha ê tùi-chhiú chi-kan ê cheng-toan tsiong pó-chhî tiong-li̍p jî bûn-bêng. Tò kong-goân 10-sè-kí, kai su̍t-gí iā khai-sí chí-tē chāi Basra hām Baghdad (8-sè-kí chì 10-sè-kí) phông-pu̍t hoat-tián ê I-su-lân si-piân sîn-ha̍k ha̍k-phài. [1][2][3]
Chhit-ê I-su-lân thoân-thé sī Wasil ibn Ata chhòng-li̍p ê, chāi tha chū-kí jīn-ûi āu, tha ê lāu-su Hasan al-Basri suat "Wasil chiong chū-kí ú ngó͘--bûn keh-lī-khui-lâi " (A-la-pek-gí: اعتزل واصل عنا). [4] [5]
Mu'tazilah goân-chek jû-hā: [6] [7]
- At-Tauhid (jīn-chú-ha̍k): Kū-choa̍t Allah pún-chit ê Maa'ni (Qudrat, iradat, ilmun, hayyun, sama', basar, kalam).
- Al-Adlu (chèng-gī): Siong-sìn jîn tùi chū-kí ê hêng-ûi oân-choân hū-chek, bô-lūn hó-bái, put siū Allah ê koat-tēng.
- Al-Wa'du al-Wa'id (sêng-lo̍k ú háng-hek): Siong-sìn Allah pit-su siúⁿ-sìr sūn-chiông chiá, háng-hek put-tō-tek-chía.
- Al-Manzilah Bainal Manzilatain (nn̄g-tē chi-kan ê só͘-chāi): Siong-sìn it-ê tāi-chǒe jîn chhù-û sìn-tō hām put-sìn-tō ê ūi-tì, pēng lâu chāi tē-ga̍k (chòe khin ê têng-hoa̍t).
- Al-Amru Bil Makruf Walnahyu Anil Munkar (khoàn-siān-têng-oh): Siong-sìn chāi jīm-hô chêng-hóng hā to̍ pit-su khoàn-siān-têng-oh.
Tsù-kái
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- ↑ "Mutazilah Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine.", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ↑ NEAL ROBINSON (1998). "Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila". muslimphilosophy.com. goân-loē-iông tī 2011-11-20 hőng khó͘-pih. 2012-11-05 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR". BBC Bitesize (ēng Eng-gí). goân-loē-iông tī 2021-06-21 hőng khó͘-pih. 2021-06-19 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ https://youtube/Ph0qVEdieW0
- ↑ https://muftiwp.gov.my/en/artikel/tashih-al-mafahim/3092-tashih-al-mafahim-11-bahaya-mu-tazilah
- ↑ https://online.anyflip.com/kpynp/ebsx/mobile/
- ↑ https://youtube/6_pMO8PqXiU[íng-íng bô-hāu ê liân-kiat]
Tsham-khó tsu-liāu
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- 'Abd al-Jabbar (1965). 'Abd al-Karim 'Uthman, pian. Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa (ēng A-la-pek-gí). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba.
- Brown, Daniel W. (1996). Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521570778. 10 May 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (1969). M. M. 'Abd al-Hamid, pian. Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin (ēng A-la-pek-gí). Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyah.
- Cooperson, Michael (2005). Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World). Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-386-0.
- Craig, W. L. (2000). The Kalam Cosmological Argument. USA: Wipf & Stock Publishers. ISBN 1-57910-438-X.
- Ess, J. V. (2006). The Flowering of Muslim Theology. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-02208-4.
- Gimaret, D. (1979). "Les Usul al-Hamsa du Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar et leurs commentaires". Annales Islamologiques. 15: 47–96.
- Jackson, S. A. (2002). On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's Faysal al-Tafriqa. Studies in Islamic Philosophy, V.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579791-4.
- Jackson, S. A. (2005). Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518081-X.
- Martin, R. C.; M. R. Woodward; D. S. Atmaja (1997). Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-1851681471. 28 September 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
- Nawas, J. A. (1994). "A Rexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma'mun's Introduction of the Mihna". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 26 (4): 615–629. doi:10.1017/S0020743800061134.
- Nawas, J. A. (1996). "The Mihna of 218 A.H./833 A. D. Revisited: An Empirical Study". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (4): 698–708. doi:10.2307/605440. JSTOR 605440.
- Walzer, R. (1967). "Early Islamic Philosophy". Chū A. H. Armstrong. The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04054-X.
- Aqeedah 11, An Exposition of Some Schools, Movements and Sects of Islam. West Coast Demarara, Guyana: Guyana Islamic Institute. 16 September 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.