Brassaï
Brassaï | |
---|---|
Born | Gyula Halász 9 September 1899 |
Died | 8 July 1984 Beaulieu-sur-Mer, France | (aged 84)
Nationality | Hungarian/French |
Alma mater | Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts |
Occupation(s) | Photographer, writer, sculptor and painter |
Spouse | Gilberte-Mercédès Boyer (m. 1948) |
Brassaï (French: [bʁasaj]; pseudonym of Gyula Halász; 9 September 1899 – 8 July 1984) was a Hungarian–French photographer, sculptor, medalist,[1] writer, and filmmaker who rose to international fame in France in the 20th century. He was one of the numerous Hungarian artists who flourished in Paris beginning between the world wars.
In the early 21st century, the discovery of more than 200 letters and hundreds of drawings and other items from the period 1940 to 1984 has provided scholars with material for understanding his later life and career.
Early life and education
[edit]Gyula Halász, a.k.a. Brassaï (pseudonym), was born on 9 September 1899 in Brassó, Kingdom of Hungary (today Brașov, Romania) to an Armenian mother and a Hungarian father. He grew up speaking Hungarian and Romanian. When he was three his family lived in Paris for a year, while his father, a professor of French literature, taught at the Sorbonne.
As a young man, he studied painting and sculpture at the Hungarian Academy of Fine Arts (Magyar Képzőművészeti Egyetem) in Budapest. He joined a cavalry regiment of the Austro-Hungarian army, where he served until the end of the First World War. He cited Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec as an artistic influence.[2]
Career
[edit]Following WWI, his hometown of Brassó, and the rest of Transylvania, was transferred from the Kingdom of Hungary to Romania at the Treaty of Trianon. Halász left for Berlin in 1920 where he worked as a journalist for the Hungarian papers Keleti and Napkelet.[3] He started studies at the Berlin-Charlottenburg Academy of Fine Arts (Hochschule für Bildende Künste), now Universität der Künste Berlin. There he became friends with several older Hungarian artists and writers, including the painters Lajos Tihanyi and Bertalan Pór, who later moved to Paris and became part of the Hungarian circle.[4]
In 1924, Halasz moved to Paris to live, where he would stay for the rest of his life. He began teaching himself the French language by reading the works of Marcel Proust. Living among the gathering of young artists in the Montparnasse quarter, he took a job as a journalist. He soon became friends with the American writer Henry Miller, and the French writers Léon-Paul Fargue and Jacques Prévert. In the late 1920s, he lived in the same hotel as Tihanyi.[4]
Miller later played down Brassai's claims of friendship. In 1976 he wrote of Brassai: "Fred [Perles] and I used to steer shy of him – he bored us." Miller added that the biography Brassai had written of him was typically "padded", "full of factual errors, full of suppositions, rumors, documents he filched which are largely false or give a false impression."[5]
Halász's job and his love of the city, whose streets he often wandered late at night, led to photography. He first used it to supplement some of his articles for more money, but rapidly explored the city through this medium, in which he was tutored by his fellow Hungarian André Kertész. He later wrote that he used photography "to capture the beauty of streets and gardens in the rain and fog, and to capture Paris by night."[6] Using the name of his birthplace, Halász went by the pseudonym "Brassaï," which means "from Brasso."
Brassaï captured the essence of the city in his photographs, published as his first collection in the 1933 book entitled Paris de nuit (Paris by Night). His book gained great success, resulting in being called "the eye of Paris" in an essay by Henry Miller. In addition to photos of the seedier side of Paris, Brassai portrayed scenes from the life of the city's high society, its intellectuals, its ballet, and the grand operas. He had been befriended by a French family who gave him access to the upper classes. Brassai photographed many of his artist friends, including Salvador Dalí, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Alberto Giacometti, and several of the prominent writers of his time, such as Jean Genet and Henri Michaux.[citation needed]
Young Hungarian artists continued to arrive in Paris through the 1930s and the Hungarian circle absorbed most of them. Kertèsz immigrated to New York City in 1936. Brassai befriended many of the new arrivals, including Ervin Marton, a nephew of Tihanyi, whom he had been friends with since 1920. Marton developed his own reputation in street photography in the 1940s and 1950s. Brassaï continued to earn a living with commercial work, also taking photographs for the U.S. magazine Harper's Bazaar.[6] He was a founding member of the Rapho agency, created in Paris by Charles Rado in 1933.[citation needed]
Brassaï's photographs brought him international fame. In 1948, he had a one-man show at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, which travelled to George Eastman House in Rochester, New York; and the Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois.[7] MoMA exhibited more of Brassai's works in 1953, 1956, and 1968.[8] He was presented at the Rencontres d'Arles festival in France in 1970 (screening at the Théâtre Antique, Brassaï by Jean-Marie Drot), in 1972 (screening Brassaï si, Vominino by René Burri), and in 1974 (as guest of honour).[citation needed]
In 1979, Brassaï was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.[9]
Marriage
[edit]In 1948, Brassaï married Gilberte Boyer, a French woman. She worked with him in supporting his photography. In 1949, he became a naturalized French citizen after years of being stateless.[10]
Death
[edit]Brassaï died on 8 July 1984 at his home on the French Riviera near Nice and was buried at Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris. He was 84 years old.[11]
Publications by Brassaï
[edit]- Paris de Nuit. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques, 1933. With text by Paul Morand.
- Paris la Nuit. Paris: Flammarion, 2001. ISBN 978-2080106025. With a preface by Morand.
- Conversations avec Picasso. Paris: Gallimard, 1964; 1997. A memoir.[12]
- Conversations with Picasso. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1999; ISBN 0-226-07148-0. Translated by Jane Marie Todd.
- Henry Miller: The Paris Years. Arcade Publishing, 1975.
- The Secret Paris of the 30s. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1976; ISBN 0-500-27108-9.
- Letters to My Parents. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1997.
Collections
[edit]Brassaï's work is held in the following public collections:
- Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL: 47 prints (as of June 2020)[13]
- Museum of Modern Art, New York City: 112 prints (as of June 2018)[14]
- Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: 9 prints (as of November 2018)[15]
- Tate, London: 30 prints (as of June 2018)[16]
- Victoria and Albert Museum, London: 383 items (as of June 2018)[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Brassaï. "in: Le club français de la médaille". In memoriam (in French). Vol. Deuxième Semestre 1984. Paris: L'administration des monnaies et médailles. p. 101.
- ^ "Brassaï" in Horst Woldemar Janson, Anthony F. Janson, History of Art: The Western Tradition. Prentice Hall Professional, 2004; ISBN 978-0-13-019732-0
- ^ Brassai, Letters to My Parents, 1997, p. 8
- ^ Jump up to: a b Brassai, Letters to My Parents, University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 241. Accessed 6 September 2010.
- ^ The Durrell-Miller Letters, 1935–80, Ed. Ian S. Macniven, Faber & Faber, 1988.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Alain Sayag, ed., Brassai: The Monograph, Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2000.
- ^ "Brassai Biography" Archived 12 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Photo-Seminars. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
- ^ Brassai, Letters to My Parents, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1997, p. xviii. Retrieved 2 September 2010
- ^ "Brassaï (Gyula Halász)". International Photography Hall of Fame. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ "Brassai", Prodan Romanian Cultural Foundation. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
- ^ Grundberg, Andy (12 July 1984). "Brassai, Photographer of Paris Nigtlife, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ Riding, Alan (30 September 2006). "Brassaï – Photography – Auction – Report". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ Brassaï, Art Institute of Chicago, https://www.artic.edu/collection?q=%22Brassai%22%20
- ^ "Brassaï (Gyula Halász)". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ "Search – Rijksmuseum". Rijksmuseum. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ^ Tate. "Brassaï 1899–1984". Tate Etc. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ "Your Search Results". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
Bibliography
[edit]- Tucker, Anne Wilkes, with Richard Howard and Avis Berman. Brassaï: The Eye of Paris. Houston, TX: Houston Museum of Fine Arts, 1997. ISBN 0-8109-6380-9
- Marja Warehime, Brassaï: Images of Culture and the Surrealist Observer. LSU Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8071-2276-9
External links
[edit]- "Brassaï" at Masters of Photography
- Brassai: The Transylvanian Parisian at I Photo Central
- Brassai's Cats
- 1899 births
- 1984 deaths
- People from Brașov
- Hungarian emigrants to France
- Hungarian photographers
- Hungarian people of Armenian descent
- French people of Armenian descent
- French photographers
- Portrait photographers
- Street photographers
- Hungarian University of Fine Arts alumni
- Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
- Naturalized citizens of France