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Huthirebellernas attacker mot kommersiella fartyg i Röda havet

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Huthirebellernas attacker mot kommersiella fartyg i Röda havet
Del av Kriget mellan Hamas och Israel (2023-pågående) och inbördeskriget i Jemen (2014–nutid)

Karta över området. Det trånga Bab al-Mandab-sundet utgör en av världshandelns mest sårbara punkter.
Ägde rum 19 oktober 2023 - pågående
(1 år och 29 dagar)
Plats Röda havet, Adenviken, och Jemen
Syfte Huthirebellernas stöd för Hamas under kriget mellan Hamas och Israel
Resultat Pågående
Stridande
Deltagande i attacker mot kommersiella fartyg
Huthirebeller
Iran Iran 		Länder med patrullerande örlogsfartyg:
Operation Prosperity Guardian:
USA USA
Storbritannien Storbritannien
Danmark Danmark
Grekland Grekland
Kanada Kanada
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
(Flera andra länder skickar enbart personal till insatsen)
Europeiska unionen:
Belgien Belgien
Frankrike Frankrike
Italien Italien
Tyskland Tyskland
Övriga:
Israel Israel
Egypten Egypten
Indien Indien
Saudiarabien Saudiarabien
Kina Kina
Befälhavare och ledare
Abdul Malik al-Huthi
Mahdi al-Mashat
Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour
Iran Ali Khamenei 		USA Joe Biden
Storbritannien Rishi Sunak
Europeiska unionen Ursula von der Leyen
Israel Benjamin Netanyahu
Förluster
32 döda
8 skadade
Iran8 tillfångatagna 		USA2 döda
USA2 drönare nedskjutna
2 kommersiella fartyg kapade, med 25 tillfångatagna besättningsmedlemmar. Åtminstone tio fartyg har skadats, och ett har sänkts.

Under kriget mellan Hamas och Israel genomförde de jemenitiska Huthirebellerna flera attacker mot kommersiella fartyg för att visa sitt stöd för Hamas. Efter att i en månad ha skickat flera missiler mot Israel genomförde man den 19 november 2023 sitt första angrepp mot ett kommersiellt fartyg då man kapade det Bahamas-flaggade fraktskeppet Galaxy leader. Sedan dess har ett tiotal fartyg skadats, varav ett har sänkts. Enligt Huthierna är det Israel-kopplade skepp man angriper, vilket i de flesta fall inte har varit sant.

De upprepade attackerna fick flera stora rederier att leda om sina rutter från Suezkanalen, där cirka 12 % av världshandeln passerar, vilket riskerade att leda till påverkan på den globala ekonomin till följd av ökade transportpriser.[1] För att skydda varutransporterna inledde USA Operation Prosperity Guardian, en USA-ledd koalition där ett tiotal länder deltar. Utöver detta har bland annat EU, Indien, och Kina inlett sina egna insatser i området.

Bakgrund

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Huthiernas väg till makten i Nordjemen

Huthirebellerna är en Iran-stödd shiamuslimsk organisation verksam i norra Jemen. Efter Jemens enande 1990 hade de goda relationer med den sittande presidenten Ali Abdullah Saleh, men i takt med att rörelsens popularitet ökade växte även motsättningarna med den sittande regeringen. När Saleh sedan stöttade USA:s invasion av Irak, som många jemeniter motsatte sig, organiserade rörelsens ledare Hussein al-Houthi stora demonstrationer runt om i landet vilket ledde till flera månader av oroligheter, vilket slutade med att jeminitiska armén dödade al-Houthi.[2]

Rörelsen levde dock vidare och växte till sig rejält. I samband med arabiska våren 2011 tog man kontrollen över den nordliga provinsen Saada och krävde Salehs avgång. Han lämnade över makten till Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, som dock inte var mycket mer populär än sin företrädare. 2014 tog man kontrollen över delar av huvudstaden Saana, och inbördeskriget var i full rullning, och året därpå stormade man presidentpalatset.[2]

Huthierna idag

Organisationen kallar sig själv för Ansar Allah (أنصار الله Anṣār Allāh, "Anhängare av Gud") och förespråkar en radikal tolkning av Shia-islam. Dess motto är "Gud är störst, död åt USA, död åt Israel, förbannelse över judarna och seger till islam".[3] Den anses beväpnas av Iran, och ingår i landets "axel av motstånd" tillsammans med bland annat Hamas och Hizbollah.[4]

Huthierna under kriget mellan Hamas och Israel

Huthirebellerna har vid upprepade tillfällen hyllat Hamas och fördömt Israel under kriget. Amerikanska stridsfartyg, som skickats till området för att förhindra en eskalering, sköt den 19 oktober ned fyra kryssningsmissiler och 15 drönare på väg från Jemen mot Israel.[5] En missil ska ha skjutits ned av Saudiarabien. Efter flera raket- och drönarattacker mot Israel fick man hela världens ögon på sig när man kapade det Bahamasflaggade fartyget Galaxy Leader, som ägs av ett bolag som kontrolleras av en israelisk affärsman.[6] Man fortsatte sedan med flera missilangrepp mot flera fartyg, vilket gjorde att flera stora rederier ledde om sin trafik från Suezkanalen, något som riskerade att leda till längre och dyrare transportkostnader.[7] Situationen kallades för "en ny Suezkris" av The Economist,[8] och angreppen på kommersiell sjöfart fick omvärlden att reagera, och USA att lansera en internationell koalition mot huthirebellerna.[9]

Deltagande länder och styrkeförhållanden

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Huthistyrkor

Huthirebellerna, som beväpnas av Iran, har tillgång till flera avancerade Iran-tillverkade vapen. Dessa innefattar kryssningsroboten Quds och den ballistiska missilen Qadr som har en räckvidd på 1 400 respektive 1 900 km.[10] De innehar även drönarna Shahed-136 och Samad-3.[10] De uppskattas ha mellan 100 000-200 000 krigare.[11]

Anti-Huthistyrkor

I den USA-ledda Operation Prosperity Guardian har sex länder bekräftat att de skickar fartyg till Röda havet. USA skickar bland annat hangarfartyget USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, eskorterat av flera jagare av Arleigh Burke-klass.[12][13] Man har även flera drönare till sitt förfogande, däribland MQ-9 Reaper.[14] Storbritannien har skickat fregatterna HMS Diamond och HMS Lancaster samt jagaren HMS Richmond.[15] Danmark och Grekland har bidragit med varsin fregatt.[16][17] Kanada deltar med ett ospecificerat antal stridsfartyg och flygplan.[18] Sri Lanka har skickat ett stridsfartyg till området.[19] Bland de länder som deltar i insatsen med personal men inte med fartyg, återfinns bland annat Norge,[20] Nederländerna,[21] Singapore,[22] Nya Zeeland,[23] Bahrain,[24] och Seychellerna.[25]

I den EU-ledda insatsen Aspides har bland annat Frankrike, Italien, Tyskland, och Belgien aviserat att de tänker skicka fartyg till området.[26] Svenska försvarsmakten kommer att bidra med fyra stabsofficerare, varav en kommer att vara stationerad på ledningsfartyget ute till havs.[27]

Andra länder med militär närvaro i området men som inte ingår i någon internationell insats är bland annat Israel[28], Egypten,[29] Indien,[30] Kina[31] och Saudiarabien[32].

Reaktioner

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När koalitionen lanserades sade huthirebellerna att de har "kapaciteten att sänka era skepp, era ubåtar och era stridsfartyg" och att Röda havet skulle bli koalitionens "kyrkogård".[33] Såväl Frankrike som Italien, som båda har krigsfartyg i området och som båda uppgavs ingå i operationen, sade att deras fartyg skulle förbli under deras ledning.[34]

Efter att operationen påbörjats annonserade rederiet Maersk den 24 december att de skulle återuppta sina transporter genom Röda havet, men meddelade den 2 januari att de återigen undviker rutten tillsvidare.[35][36]

Lista över attacker mot kommersiella fartyg i Röda havet

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Fartyg Flagg Datum Attacktyp Detaljer Ref
Galaxy Leader Bahamas Bahamas 19 november 2023 Sjöröveri Kapat: Bordat, kapat och fört till al-Hudayda [37][38]
CMA CGM Symi Malta Malta 24 november 2023 Drönarattack Mindre materiella skador [39]
Unity Explorer Bahamas Bahamas 3 december 2023 Sjömålsrobot Mindre materiella skador [40][41][42][43]
Number 9 Panama Panama 3 december 2023 Sjömålsrobot Mindre materiella skador [40][44]
Sophie II Panama Panama 3 december 2023 Sjömålsrobot Liten till ingen skada [40][45]
Strinda Norge Norge 12 december 2023 Sjömålsrobot, drönarattack Brand ombord och andra skador [46][47]
Ardmore Encounter Marshallöarna Marshallöarna 13 december 2023 Sjöröveri sjömålsrobot, drönarattack Kapningsförsök avvärjt, 2 eller 3 missade robotar samt en nedskjuten drönare [48][49][50]
Maersk Gibraltar Hongkong Hong Kong 14 december 2023 Sjömålsrobot Missil missade [51][52]
Al Jasrah Liberia Liberia 15 december 2023 Drönarattack Brand [53][54][55][56]
MSC Palatium III Liberia Liberia 15 december 2023 Ballistisk missil Brand och andra skador. Vände om. [53][57]
Swan Atlantic Caymanöarna Caymanöarna 18 december 2023 Ballistisk missil, drönarattack Brand [9][58]
MSC Clara Panama Panama 18 december 2023 Drönarattack Missil missade. [59][60][9]
Blaamanen Norge Norge 23 december 2023 Drönarattack Ingen skada [61][62]
Saibaba Gabon Gabon 23 december 2023 Drönarattack Lätta materiella skador [61][63]
MSC United VIII Liberia Liberia 26 december 2023 Missil Ingen skada [64][65]
Maersk Hangzhou Singapore Singapore 30-31 december 2023 Sjömålsrobot, försök till sjöröveri Misslyckat bordningsförsök, lätta materiella skador [66]
St Nikolas Marshallöarna Marshallöarna 11 januari 2024 Sjöröveri Kapat: Bordat och kapat 50 kilometer utanför Oman. Fört mot Iran. [67][68]
Khalissa Panama Panama 11 january 2024 Sjömålsrobot Robot missade. [69][70][71][72]
Gibraltar Eagle Marshallöarna Marshallöarna 15 januari 2024 Anti-ship cruise missile Materiella skador, leddes om. [73][74][75]
Zografia Malta Malta 16 January Ballistisk robot Materiella skador, leddes om. [76][77][78][79]
Genco Picardi Marshallöarna Marshallöarna 17 januari 2024 Drönarattack Mindre materiella skador. [80][81][82][83]
Chem Ranger Marshallöarna Marshallöarna 18 januari 2024 Eventuell sjömålsrobot Oklar attack- och skadebild [84]
Maersk Detroit USA USA 24 januar 2024 Tre missiler Konvoj vänder, Maersk avbryter sina leveranser genom Röda havet tills vidare. [85][86]
Marlin Luanda Marshallöarna Marshallöarna 26 januari 2024 Ballistisk missil Brand. [87][88][89]
Star Nasia MarshallöarnaMarshallöarna 6 februari 2024 Ballistisk missil Lätta materiella skador [90][91][92][93]
Morning Tide Barbados Barbados Ballistisk missil Inga skador.
Star Iris MarshallöarnaMarshallöarna 12 februari 2024 Missil Mindre materiella skador [94][95]
Pollux Panama Panama 16 February 2024 Missil Mindre materiella skador. [96][97][98]
Rubymar Belize Belize 18 februari 2024 Missil Övergivet och sedan sänkt 2 mars. Inga personskador, personal evakuerad till Djibouti. Fartyget orsakar en större oljeläcka vilket resulterar i en miljökatastrof i Röda havet. [99][100][101]
Sea Champion Grekland Grekland 19 februari 2024 Ballistisk missil Lätta materiella skador [102][103][104][105]
Navis Fortuna MarshallöarnaMarshallöarna Drönarattack Mindre materiella skador [106][107][108][109]
MSC Silver II LiberiaLiberia 20 february 2024 Missil Inga skador. [110][111][112]
Islander PalauPalau 22 februari 2024 Ballistisk missil Brand och mindre materiella skador. [113][114][115][116]
Torm Thor USAUSA 24 februari 2024 Ballistisk missil Missil missade. [117][118][119][120]
? MarshallöarnaMarshallöarna 27 februari 2024 Raket Raket missade. [121][122]
MSC Sky II Liberia Liberia 4 mars 2024 Sjömålsrobot Brand ombord, mindre materiella skador [123][124][125]
True Confidence Barbados Barbados 6 mars 2024 Sjömålsrobot Övergiven, bärgad; tre sjömän dödade, fyra skadade [126]
Propel Fortune Singapore Singapore 8 mars 2024 Sjömålsrobot Robot missade. [127][128][129]
Pinocchio Liberia Liberia 11 mars 2024 Sjömålsrobot Robot missade. [130][131]

Se även

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Referenser

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